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ISU CSD 115 - Nervous System in Speech Production
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CSD 115 1st EditionLecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Laryngeal System-Valvea. Biological Functionsb. Speech functionsII. StructuresIII. Cartilagea. Thyroidb. Cricoidc. ArytenoidIV. Laryngeal Musclesa. Abductorb. Adductorc. Vocal foldsd. Attachmente. Span acrossV. Physiology of Phonationa. Bernoulli Principleb. Myoelastic aerodynamic theoryVI. Laryngeal ToneVII. Articulatory Systema. Biological Functionb. Speech FunctionVIII. Structuresa. Vocal Tractb. Pharyngeal Cavityc. Oral CavityOutline of Current Lecture I. Nasal CavityII. ResonationIII. Coupling and Uncouplinga. Difference between the twob. How to couple and uncoupleIV. Nervous systema. Three typesV. Central Nervous Systema. Brainb. Spinal Cord VI. Cerebruma. Frontal Lobeb. Parietal Lobec. Temporal Lobed. Occipital LobeVII. Hemisphere DominanceVIII. Cerebelluma. Locationb. What it doesIX. Brain StemX. Spinal CordXI. Peripheral Nervous Systema. Cranial Nervesb. Peripheral NervesCurrent LectureNasal Cavity- Begins where the pharyngeal cavity ends and ends at the openings of the nares (nose)Resonation- The three cavities (oral, nasal, and pharyngeal) of the vocal tract play an active role in both articulation and resonation- Resonance: tendency for cavities to enhance certain sounds rather than otherso Determined by the shape and size of cavityCoupling and Uncoupling- The oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities all enhance certain sounds; this helps define the sound of your voice- All three cavities are coupled when air can flow freely between themo When all are open, they will resemble a backwards lowercase “ f ”o They become one large cavity- The nasal cavity can be uncoupled (separated from) the oral and pharyngeal cavities by raising the velum (soft palate)- The oral cavity can be uncoupled from the nasal and pharyngeal cavities by raising the back of the tongue- Obstructions in the oral and nasal cavities also change the resonance patterns- Velum is down when making the “N” sound, when you plug your nose the sound stops- Any sound you make with a closed mouth, the velum will be down- Any sound you make with an open mouth, the velum will be raisedNervous System- Central Nervous System- the brain and spinal cord- Peripheral Nervous System- cranial and peripheral nerves- Autonomic Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System- The brain which is protected by the skull- The spinal cord which is protected by the spinal column- The brain and spinal cord are protected by the meningeso Meninges are three membranous layers under the bony covering that allow the brain to move in a friction free environment without being damagedo Can only move a certain amount without being damagedCerebrum- Divided into left and right hemispheres which are connected by the Corpus Callosum (it allows the 2 hemispheres to communicate)o Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes; 8 total lobes in the brain- Frontal Lobe: in the front part of the braino Primary motor areao Plays a role in: movement, motor planning, emotional control, judgment, problem solving, and socialization Lack of these skills makes it hard to function as an adulto Speech is a complex motor movemento Broca’s Area: found in the frontal lobe Critical for speech This is the primary speech production area- Parietal Lobe: right behind the frontal lobe, but not at the back of the braino Primary sensory areao Plays a role in experiencing the feeling pain, temperature, and touch- Temporal Lobe: By the templeso Primary auditory areao Plays a role in processing soundo Wernicke’s Area: found in the temporal lobe This is critical for understanding speech- Occipital Lobe: at the back of the brain, above the cerebellumo Primary visual areao It is NOT involved in speech and language, it is involved in vision- Diagram of lobes belowHemisphere Dominance- For most people, the language area of the brain is located in the left hemisphereo 95% of right handed people are left side dominant for languageo 61% of left handed people are left side dominant for language- Only 5% of right handed people and 19% of left handed people are right side dominant for language- 20% are dual dominanto Speech problems can be attributed to dual dominance because both sides are fighting for control for speechCerebellum- The cerebellum is located below the cerebrum and to the back- The cerebellum plays a role in motor coordination and balance and movement- It DOES NOT control these, that is the job of the cerebrum- Deficits in the cerebellum are related to Autism and StutteringBrain Stem- This is the most primitive part of the brain- It controls breathing and heart rate- The brain stem is a pathway for motor and sensory nerves that are carrying information to and from the brain- The pathways cross over in the brainstemSpinal Cord - It is an extension of the brain stem- Provides pathways for neural information- It is protected by meninges and the spinal columnPeripheral Nervous System- Cranial Nerves: transmit vision, smell, hearing, and taste info to the brain (specialized senses)o Transmit motor signals to control voluntary movement of eyes, mouth, lips, tongue, and larynxo Originates in the brain stem and exits at the base of the skull- Peripheral Nerves: Carry motor and sensory information from rest of the bodyo Movement in the foot will need peripheral nerveso Originate in brain stem and exit at various places in the spinal


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ISU CSD 115 - Nervous System in Speech Production

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