Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Nasal CavityII. ResonationIII. Coupling and Uncouplinga. Difference between the twob. How to couple and uncoupleIV. Nervous systema. Three typesV. Central Nervous Systema. Brainb. Spinal Cord VI. Cerebruma. Frontal Lobeb. Parietal Lobec. Temporal Lobed. Occipital LobeVII. Hemisphere DominanceVIII. Cerebelluma. Locationb. What it doesIX. Brain StemX. Spinal CordXI. Peripheral Nervous Systema. Cranial Nervesb. Peripheral NervesOutline of Current Lecture I. Speech and Language Functions of the Braina. Wernickes Areab. Brocas Areac. Motor Cortex II. Central Nervous System PathwaysIII. SummaryIV. Language and Speecha. Languageb. Speechc. Phonemed. AllophonesV. Letters vs. Soundsa. Graphemesb. PhonemeCSD 115 1st Editionc. International Phonetic AlphabetVI. Classification of Speech Soundsa. Consonantsb. Vowelsc. PhonemesVII. Consonant Characteristicsa. PlaceCurrent LectureSpeech and Language Functions of the Brain- Wernickes Area: formulates plan for how you want to say somethingo Located in the temporal lobeo Comprehends and formulates languageo Message is sent through nerve fibers in the brain- Brocas Area: plans what we are doingo Located in the frontal lobeo Its function is for motor planning of speecjo Thoughts are organized into articulatory sequenceso Motor commands transmitted to motor cortex through nerve fibers in the braino Movement associated with speaking (lips, jaw, tongue, eyebrow, etc.)- Motor Cortex: the doer of what the other 2 decideo Located in the back of the frontal lobe between Brocas Area and Wernickes Areao Contains nerve centers that execute motor movemento Message is sent as neural impulses along neurons from motor cortex through the brain stem to the cerebellumCentral Nervous System Pathways- The cerebellum uses incoming sensory information to fine tune the motor messages, adding coordination and ensuring accuracy (makes sure you do what you want to do)- From here, the messages are transferred to the cranial and peripheral nerves to be sent to the muscles- If you want to look at your roommate in disgust, cranial nerves would be used to convey your pointSummary- Linguistic Message arises in Wernicke’s area - Message is carried to Broca’s Area, were it is put into articulatory signals- Signals are sent to Motor Cortex to be sent to the muscles, - They travel through the cerebellum for coordination- Then to the Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves for distribution to muscles- Speech happensLanguage and Speech- Language: A shared system of symbols that can be spoken, written, or signed and used for communication and thought- Speech: our ability to relate meaning to the human voice; the oral expression of languageo Sign language is not speech, it is language- Phoneme: smallest unit of sound that can be recognized as being distinct from other soundso Ex: ba is different from be, and ba is different from da- Allophone: variations in prodiction is same phonemeo Ex: someone with a lisp saying certain letters. You know what they are saying, there are just different forms of the wordLetters vs. Sounds- When we WRITE, we use 26 graphemes (letters) – consonants and vowelso What is the first phoneme in the word phone? Fff, just the first sound of the ph- When we SPEAK, we use about 40 phonemes (sounds) – consonants and vowels- We use the Traditional Alphabet to write wordso one letter may have many sounds (ex: A, C)o One sound may have many spelling options (ex: F = PH, F, GH)- We use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to transcribe speecho One symbol for every human speech sound Classification of Speech Sounds- Phonemes-Vowels and Consonants- Consonants: 3 specific classificationso Where: where are you constricting air in the vocal tract?o How: How are you doing it?o Voicing: plus or minus option; you are either voicing or not. If vocal folds are vibrating, it is a voiced sound. S, th (as in this) is unvoiced Z is voiced Can tell if it is voiced by placing your hand on thyroid cartilage and making the sound; if it vibrates, it is voiced. If it does not vibrate, then it is unvoicedConsonant Characteristics- Placeo Bilabial Sounds: sounds made using both lips; P, M, B, W B, M, and W are voicedo Labio-dental sounds: lips and teeth used to make sounds; F and V V is voicedo Lingua-dental: tongue and teeth are used to make sounds; th (both forms) Th, as in this, is voiced; th as in theta is unvoicedo Lingua-alveolar: sound is made with the tongue towards the alveolar ridge; S, Z, T, D, N,