CSD 115 1st EditionLecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Beginning of Test 4 MaterialOutline of Current Lecture I. Culturea. Effect on LanguageII. Accent vs. Dialecta. Accentb. DialectIII. Regional Dialectsa. New England and Northeast Regionb. Midwest and Northern Regionc. Southern RegionIV. Social/Cultural Dialectsa. African American Englishb. Hispanic EnglishV. Contrasting Pragmatic Conversation Stylesa. African American Englishb. Asian Englishc. Hispanic Englishd. White/Anglo SaxonVI. Register vs. Code Switchinga. Registerb. Code SwitchingCurrent LectureCulture- Can be described as a person’s beliefs and values- Cultural identification influenced by:o Geographic regiono Gendero Raceo ethnicity- Culture’s Effect on Languageo Linguistic features that vary across cultures:o Vocabulary (semantics) o Nonverbal cues & gestures (and other pragmatic rules)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Phonologyo Morphology & syntaxAccent vs. Dialect- Accento Accent: “The characteristics of speech or variations in pronunciation of a given language.” o Differences found only in phonologyo An accent can be part of a dialect- Dialecto A rule-governed variant of the language. Note: Everyone who speaks the language speaks a dialect.o Standard dialect – set of rules used by the majority of individuals who speak the languageo Non-standard dialect – minimally different set of language features spoken by other speakers of the language.o Dialects differ in all 5 domains of language.  Different rules for pronouncing phonemes (phonology) Different use of vocabulary (semantics) Different grammatical forms (morphology/syntax) Differences in eye contact, gestures, body language and position, etc. (pragmatics)o NOTE: The dialect spoken by any given group of people is neither superior or inferior to the dialect by any other group of people.Regional (geographical) Dialects- There are three major regional dialects in the US…- Because we tend to be increasingly mobile and increasingly connected to one another through a variety of mass media, dialects will continue to evolve, eroding many of the speech and language differences that now exist.- New England and Northeast Regiono phonology:  drop the /r/ and add the /r/ where it doesn’t belong: ex: pa-k the ca-,  Amander o Vocabulary (semantics): foods submarine sandwich = grinder soft drink = tonic hamburger = hamburg  hot dog = frankfurt - Midwest and Northern Regiono Phonology: drop endings like /ing/ which become /n/- Ex: getting = gettin  Also running words together- Ex: jeatyet? = Did you eat yet?o Semantics: Heavy use of idioms – “all the tea in China” “to get the best of” someone” “on the fritz” - Southern Regiono Phonology:  The Southern Drawl: diphthongization/tripthongization of traditional short front vowels: /æ/ → [æjə] pat: /ɛ/ → [ɛjə] pet: /ɪ/ → [ɪjə] pit:o Semantics: Animals = critters  Tired = wore out Fighting = fussin  Child = boogerSocial/Cultural Dialects- Use of these dialects Not determined by the color of one’s skin, or ones national heritage, but by the culture and models one is surrounded by when they are learning language- African American Englisho Phonology:  f/th ex: toof = tooth d/th ex: dat = thato Grammar:  dropping the /s/ for plurals and possessives- ex: I have many dog. Verb differences:- ex: They was running.o Verb differences Ain’t is substituted for many verbs- ex: Joe ain’t goin’ to no doctor.- She ain’t gots no money. The verb “to be” is used differently:- ex: He be goin home. - I been had this cough long time- Hispanic English o Phonological: vowel differences: beeg = big /ch/ for /sh/: butch = bush /s/ for /z/ : soo = zoo /t/ or /s/ for /th/: tum or sum = thumbo Grammar: The verb “to be” will be missing- ex: He is going home. = He going home. The negative is used differently- ex: Don’t leave this room. = No leave this roomContrasting Pragmatic Conversation Styles- African American English:o interruption is toleratedo the most assertive person has the flooro indirect eye contact during listeningo direct eye contact during speakingo emotional intensity in communicationo greetings to all within their culture- Asian English:o children are expected to be passiveo adults are discouraged from interruptingo eye contact with strangers, but not aso much with authority figureso may even avert eye contact and giggle too express embarrassmento respect for silence and privacy- Hispanic English:o Physical closeness during conversationo emotional intensity in communication to demonstrate sincerity and beliefso avoidance of eye contact may be a sign of respect, while maintaining eye contact may be considered a challenge to authority- White/Anglo Saxon:o Appropriate to interrupt in certain circumstances, one person has the floor until the point is madeo High respect for individualism,o Step by step logico A preference not to show emotiono Eye contact during listening denote attentiveness and respectRegister vs. Code Switching- Register – a set of language features that characterize the way a speaker talks in a specific contexto How you talk with your friends, parents, grand parents o Talk with each of them differently- Code switching – when a speaker can easily slip back and forth between registers depending on the conversation contexto Slip back and forth between registers (when speaking to different groups you slip back and forth between