CSD 115 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Communication Process- Formulation: ability to put thought and ideas into words, signs or symbols- Transmitting: organizing and coordinating speech muscles or limbs- Receiving: ability to use sensory systems to transmit info to the brain- Comprehending: decoding and understanding- This process works in this orderProfessionals- Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs)o Trained to identify, diagnose, prevent, and treat communicative disorderso Masters degree; 36 week clinical fellowshipo Certificate of clinical fellowshipo State licensure- Audiologists (AUDs)o Specialists trained in the non-medical treatment of hearing, balance, and other ear problemso Doctoral degree (PhD, EdD, AuD)o Clinical Certificateo State licensureo American Board of Audiology Certification- Both professionals work in education settings and health care facilities- AUDs also work with hearing aid manufacturersRespiratory System- Main Structures: Diaphragm, lungs, trachea and it is located in the thorax- Trachea is upper margin attached to larynx- Lungs are spongy material- Pleural sacs provide friction free surface for diaphragm and bind lungs to rib cage- Diaphragm is a muscle that lungs sit on (will tell how it works in the physiology of respiration part)Physiology of Respiration- Boyles law: Energy = Pressure X Volumeo Pressure and volume are inversely relatedo Closed system in the thorax- Diaphragm contracts, flattens, pulls the lungs down while the thoracic muscles contract and the ribs are raised (the lungs also widen; volume is increased so pressure is decreased)- Inhalationo Airway is open, lung pressure dropping, air pressure higher and air rushes in - Once lungs reach max height and depth: the ribs move down (thoracic muscles relax), diaphragm moves up, and the lungs shorten and narrow (volume is decreased)- Exhalation occurs when the internal lung pressure is highLaryngeal System- When closed, it builds up pressure so bodily waste can be expelled.- When open, air can flow freely from the lungs so you can quietly breathe- Vibratory action produces sounds for speech (laryngeal tone) - Thyroid Cartilage: largest structure in larynx, Adams apple, protects vocal folds- Cricoid Cartilage: top most tracheal ring- Arytenoid Cartilage: sits atop cricoids, rocking action- Abductor: opens the vocals while the Adductor closes the vocals- Vocal folds are attached to backside of thyroid cartilage; span across cricoids cartilage and the glottis is only present when the vocals are openPhysiology of Phonation- Bernoulli Principle: speed of moving fluid increases, pressure of it will decreaseo Vocal folds are blown apart by subglottic pressure and return because of elasticity and Bernoulli Principle- Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory: subglottic pressure is greater than the forces of resistance, vocal folds are blown apart and air rushes inLaryngeal Tone- Source of sound for speech production- Vibratory rate: children- 400/second; adults: female- 225, male- 125Articulatory System Structures- Vocal tract begins just above the vocal folds and ends at the lips and nose- Pharyngeal Cavity: contains tonsils and adenoids - Oral Cavity: begins where pharyngeal cavity ends and ends at the lipso Structures: tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, velum, mandible, teeth, lips- Pictures/Diagrams posted below- Nasal Cavity: begins where pharyngeal cavity ends and ends at the openings of the nose- Resonance: tendency for cavities to enhance certain sounds rather than others- Coupling and uncoupling: All three cavities are coupled when air can flow freely between them and uncoupled when one or more are blockedCentral Nervous System- Brain and spinal cord which are protected by the meningesPeripheral Nervous System- Cranial and peripheral nerves- Prepare body for fight or flight responseCerebrum- 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum- 4 lobes in each hemisphere- Frontal: primary motor area, movement, emotional control, judgment, etc.; Brocas area:motor planning of speech- Motor Cortex: located between Brocas and Wernickes area at the back of frontal lobe; contains nerve centers that execute motor movements- Parietal: primary sensory area; pain, touch, temp.- Temporal: primary auditory area; processing sound; Wernickes area: comprehend and formulate language- Occipital: primary visual area; not involved in speech and language Cerebellum- Plays a role in motor coordination, balance and movement (cerebrum controls these, Cerebellum does not)Brain Stem- Controls breathing and heart rate; pathway for motor and sensory nerves- Spinal cord is an extension of the brain stem; pathway for neural informationLanguage: spoken, written, or signed; graphemes: lettersSpeech: ability to relate meaning to the human voicePhoneme: smallest unit of sound that can be recognized; spokenAllophone: variations of the same phonemeVowels: all are voiced, tongue height and position determine the vowel spokenConsonants: place, manner and voicing- Place: where are you constricting?o Bilabial: 2 lips; P,M,B,Wo Labiodental: top teeth and bottom lip; F, Vo Linguadental: tongue and teeth; Th (both forms); only linguadentalo Lingua-alveolar: tongue towards alveolar ridge; S, Z, T, D, N, Lo Linguapalatal: tongue against hard palate; Sh, Zh, Ch, J, Y, Ro Linguavelar: back of tongue to soft palate; K, G, Ngo Glottal: forcing air through vocal folds; H- Manner: how are you constricting?o Stops: Completely block off vocal tract, build up pressure and blow vocal folds apart; K, G, P, B, T, Do Fricatives: use tongue to create constriction and force air through it; S, Z, H, F, V, Sh, Zh, Th (both forms)o Affricates: begin as a stop, end as a fricative; Ch, Jo Glides: move from one vowel to the next to produce consonant; W, Yo Liquids: make a partial closure that air travels around, tongue tip on alveolar ridge; L, Ro Nasal: Sound comes from nose; M, N, Ng (sound stops if you plug your nose)- Voicing: if vocal cords are vibrating, you are voicing (all vowels are voiced)Unvoiced VoicedP BT DK GF VTH (think) TH (this)CH JSH ZHS Z- Cognate Pairs: pairs of consonants that share the exact same manner of production, they only differ in voicingo The chart above shows cognate pairso Vowels do not have cognate pairs since they are all voicedSummary of Chapter 1- Communication is a process where information