Chapter 3 Speech Sound Disorders- Disorders of Articulation- Disorders of Phonology (examples will be green and yellow)- Other speech sound disorders due to developmental and physical differenceso Cleft lip and/or palate o Dysarthriao Apraxiao Hearing loss Articulation Disorders- Disorder in which child produces only a small number of misarticulations and we canunderstand most of what the child says.o What is a misarticulation?- Errors are made consistently- Errors reflect an inability to produce correct motor movements due to physical limitationsor faulty learning.- Types of errors: o Substitutions o Omissionso Distortionso Additions Error types- examples- Substitutions - Substituting one sound for another o wake/rake- Omissions - leaving a sound or sounds out o -ake/rake or boa-/boat- Distortions - altering the place or manner of a sound to produce a sound that does notnormally occur in the language- Additions - adding a sound or sounds that don't belongo Baloo/blue or sanow/snow Phonological Disorders- Child produces many, speech sound errors, rendering speech difficult to understand(unintelligible)- Errors are not random, but are predictable. They reflect patterns, also called rules orprocesses- Phonological Processes - strategies all normally developing children use to simplify adultspeech- Most processes are extinguished or suppressed by age 4; if they persist, the child isdelayed and speech is impaired Phonological Processes- Categorized by how they affect wordso Syllable Shape Processes - Affect how the syllable is producedo Substitution Processes - Affect how the sound is produced; involve changes inplace and manner of productionSyllable Shape Processes- Final Consonant Deletion - leaving the final consonant off the end of the syllable- Reduplication - repeating a syllable or part of a syllable to produce the word- Consonant Cluster Simplification - reducing the number of consonants in a string ofconsonantsSubstitution Processes- Stopping - producing a stop sound instead of a fricative- Fronting - producing a sound made in the front of the mouth (alveolar ridge) instead of asound made in the back of the mouth (velars)- Gliding of Liquids - producing a glide sound (w,y) instead of a liquid (l,r)Disorders Associated with Physical or Developmental Differences- Cleft lip and palate- Dysarthria- Apraxia- Hearing LossCleft Lip and Palate- Lips, hard palate, and soft palate develop during first trimester of pregnancy- grow together at the midline from the sides- growth may stop prematurely, leaving a gap in any or all three structures (partial orcomplete) on one or both sides (bilateral or unilateral)- Repair requires surgery - often several.- Speech problems require therapy- Parents require counselingSpeech Symptoms Associated with Clefts- Articulation? o Yepo any sound produced with lips or palateo high pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates) S nasal emissionso compensatory movements add or distort sounds- Respiration problems? o No- Phonation problems? o No- Resonation? o Yep- opening changes shape and size of vocal tract S compensatory movements, carriage oftongue - hypernasalityDysarthria- Weakness or incoordination of speech caused by neurological problems- errors in speechare consistent- Often associated with Cerebral Palsy, CVAs, TBI, Brain Tumors- Cerebral Palsy - damage to the developing brain affecting motor areas responsible forsmooth coordinated movements; muscle weakness or paralysis Speech Symptoms Associated with Dysarthria- Articulation o imprecise, slurred, due to inability to move weak, uncoordinated articulators inthe normal way- Respiration & Phonation o Weak, uncoordinated muscles affect power for speech & source of sound; affectsvolume, ability to sustain speech signal- Resonation o Weak, uncoordinated muscles affect valving mechanism; timing of voicing andresonance affectedApraxia of Speech- Speech programming problem associated with brain damage in frontal lobe (identifiedonly in adults)- Similar speech patterns in children led to the term Developmental Apraxia of Speech(DAS) or Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)o Note: no evidence of neurological damage in children; suspect a transmissionproblem in speech areas.Speech Symptoms Associated with Childhood Apraxia of Speech- Unintelligible speech; multiple errors- Often misdiagnosed as phonological delay- Errors are inconsistent & increase with length of word- Errors persist despite treatment- Difficulty sequencing sounds and syllables- Vowel errors commonHearing Loss- The ability to hear and perceive sounds is critical to the development of normal speech- With early identification and treatment of hearing loss, good intelligibility can beachievedSpeech Symptoms Associated with Hearing Loss- Difficulty hearing and producing voicing distinctions o Back – bag, Time - Dime- Difficulty with vowel distinctions o Beat – bit, Hot - Hat- Difficulty with sounds that look alike on the mouth o Poor, more, boreo Post, most, boastTreatment of Speech Sound Disorders- Traditional Articulation Therapy o Used with articulation disorders,o Modified to use with all other speech sound disorders except phonologicaldisorders- Phonological-based Therapy o Used with phonological disorders Chapter 4 Periods of Language DevelopmentI. Prelinguistic Communication - Birth to 12 months - Speech- Semantic- Pragmatic- Syntax and morphology- (Pre)Literacy Prelinguistic Communication Age range: Birth – 12 months (1 year)- Vocalizations that occur BEFORE the first word - The sound of early language (last unit): o Cooing o Babbling o JargonPrelinguistic Semantic Development Age range: Birth – 12 months (1 year)- RECEPTIVE Vocabulary Developing o Words child understands but doesn’t yet produce o 3-50 words- No EXPRESSIVE vocabulary in this stage o Just cooing, babbling, jargon and gestures to communicate- Caregiver behaviors that assist infants in learning language: o Child-directed speech Slower rate; increased pitch variations, long pauses, frequent repetition(motherese;parentese)- Joint Reference o Directing a child’s attention to a particular object or action and then labeling itwhen both child and caregiver are attendingPrelinguistic Pragmatic Development Age range: Birth – 12 months (1 year)- Intentionality o Use of verbal and nonverbal behaviors to indicate wants and needso Parents respond