Water Cycle Groundwater Hydrologic Cycle http www mnforsustain org water climate global water cycle study htm Distribution Cycle Animation Water Cycle 86 of evaporation from sea surface 14 of atmospheric moisture from EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 78 of precipitation on sea surface 22 of water precipitated falls on land http meted com mesoprim mpradfog print htm Water Cycle Water Cycle Less that 3 of Earth s water is on land Over of that is in glacial ice Most of the rest is stored as groundwater some groundwater is saline Water Distribution Groundwater Precipitation infiltrates Earth s surface Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water Drinking water source for half of U S Groundwater Surface water Water sources in Oregon http www deq state or us wq dwp dwp htm Groundwater Contributes to stream flow Universal solvent Dissolves some rock types Limestone CaCO3 Salts NaCl KCl Gypsum CaSO4 Groundwater Source First becomes soil moisture Plants use it Some evaporates directly Some sinks down Infiltration Groundwater is stored Groundwater Terms Zone of saturation Water table Zone of aeration Groundwater terms diagram Groundwater Storage Porosity of rock Spaces between sand grains Cracks in crystalline rock Dissolved cavities Permeability Allows water to move Interconnection of pore spaces Groundwater Storage Stored in AQUIFER Porous and permeable rock Trapped by AQUITARD Impermeable rock Clay shale Groundwater Movement Very slowly Small openings High surface tension Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure Hydraulic gradient Hydraulic head Groundwater movement diagram Springs Where water table intersects ground surface Wells Wells after drawdown Artesian wells Ogallala supported agriculture Ogallala Aquifer Exploited in Great Plains agriculture Water table dropped Recharge rate low San Joaquin Valley subsidence Not able to recover due to aquifer compaction Groundwater purification Groundwater purification Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination Landfill leachate contamination Drinking Water Standards Parts per Million ppm Change 1 000 000 mg to liters 1 mg 1 000 000 mg 1g 1 mL 1L 1 000 000 mg 1L 1 000 mg 1g 1 000 mL 1 mg 1 ppm 1L Primary sewage treatment Secondary sewage treatment Sewage treatment Photo of cliff springs Carlsbad Caverns Arecibo Puerto Rico Radio Telescope in Sinkhole Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri Karst towering buttes http en wikipedia org wiki Yangshuo Thailand Karst Towers http www siue edu GEOGRAPHY ONLINE Gillespie htm Hot Springs Water heated by hot rock cooling magma Temperature increases solvent capabilities May contain acids from magmatic water Geysers Special type of hot spring Pressure of water column suppresses boiling Heat added eventually overcomes pressure Sudden rise of water increase pressure release on rising Old Faithful photo Old Faithful webcam link http www nps gov archive yell oldfaithfulcam htm Geyser Eruption Geyser eruption stages
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