IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 25 Current Lecture Out of the crooked timber of humanity no straight thing can be made WHO Multinationalism collective decision making and the rule of law these offer the best hope of reaching a stable and equitable world order Kofi Annan Morgenthau vs Tickner 1 Morgenthau s 6 principles 2 Power is everything 3 Tension between moral and power 4 Objective laws assuming human nature is the same across all time and cultures 5 Human nature unchanging 6 Importance of political world when you re in that position Tickner s response Kantian Objective laws based on masculine view human nature has both feminine and masculine elements social reproduction and development and political domination connected view In a particular situation we have an unconditional obligation to do only what we can honestly wish all other people to do under similar circumstances Act according to the maxim that your behavior will become the model for all other behavior in the international system System Reformers Global Problem Solvers Grotian Tradition Rule based system aimed at encouraging cooperation conflict resolution Law diplomacy Regimes and multilateralism Collective action to address common crises Society to community We over I Most Grotians emphasis on keeping system things in tact would find collective action to work for it Ex R2P Millennium Development Goals and list of common crisis from UN CHECK SHEET SENT Kantian Tradition More universalism more emphasis on cosmopolitan rights Universal ethical rules Foreign policy sextant against colonialism due to rights of individuals Agenda John Locke and JJ Rousseau o Governance Social contract and general will Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas o Responsibilities of citizens Grotius Puffendorf and deVattel o International society law A quick review John Locke Two Treatises of Government Unlike Hobbes human beings are not natural enemies Our activities are subject to natural law we could be ruled or we could be free Speaks of life liberty and property Hobbes Surrender freedoms to sovereign in payment for order Locke Entrust freedoms contract to sovereign in return for order in a society governed by laws Natural law natural rights and a government that answers to citizens KANT Another view of governance Jean Jacques Rousseau Both John Locke and JJ Rousseau said governance is a social contract but JJ emphasizes on general will When society forms together we come with differing interests and ideas selfish interests and in sharing of society our selfish interests cross themselves out and form the common ideas general will build society on common interests We as a global society have common interests General will concept can be used negatively dictators using general will to build nationalist movement We escape the state of nature with a social contract a common association The moral power of the state comes from the will of he people and government depends on the will of the people Individual selfish interests cancel out leaving only common interests or the general will Rousseau limits the community no world government federation of states Remember Stag Hunt What about the duties and obligations of citizenship More social democratic than libertarian Aristotle Debate with Plato about private property versus common property Something that belongs to everyone belongs to no one No one will feel responsible for care Duty of citizens is to hold private property in interests of civic duty Once in needs of family are met remainder goes to those in need Why is Finland giving a lot of aid to Botswana Maybe because looking at interest of civic duty Thomas Aquinas Duty of charity for all citizens Equally whatever a man has in abundance is owed of natural right to the poor for their sustenance Influenced future religious leaders Papal encyclical the right of private property is subordinated to the right of common use the fact that goods are meant for everyone Clearly shapes democratic thinking focusing on more We and less I or me Particularistic view says community is not possible because people are too focused on own interest and community is within nation state expanding into community of the nation states Community is critical Other ideas part of the tradition Man in state of nature Men and states are sociable All men are related to each other by nature Keyword here is related meaning that each other s actions influence each other Individuals and states have rights and obligations under international law Nature of system Not Hobbesian Chaos and conflict Individuals do not always act in self interest Force is okay if it s just cause It is wrong for one to do violence to another except for some preceding offence Morality and the duality issue Natural law universal based on God s law rational and reasonable societies will discover those Morality is not defined by powerful alone There is something called right behavior No duality action of states judged by universal standards of justice and morality Why follow and respect international law WANT Order stability avoidance of retaliation reciprocity Mutual interests and mutual means Best way to do that is to follow international law s order stability continuity Is world government the goal of Grotius Does Grotius think we have a world society Can one be developed Can we have a world without war From Grotian perspective war is a tool of statecraft but can have just war and just causes War is okay for self defense support treaties and alliances stop expansion recover property JUST CAUSES Introduces the idea of building international community basis for Wilson s promotion of democracy and a rule based system to support all states A society of states exists when a group of states conscious of certain common interest and common values form a scoeity in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another And share in the working of common institutions H Bull More system reformer voices Hugo Grotius 1583 1645 Reason leads to proper action 1625 on the Law of War Law of the Seas Wight s Grotian Tradition 1 View of humankind Men are sociable we can learn to be good and we are related Reason leads to proper action Recognize that we are part of a community trying to learn to coexist All humans have the same rights and obligations under international law 2 View of the system Minimal society to community of states system not just conflict war Most of IR activity