IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 25 Current LectureOut of the crooked timber of humanity no straight thing can be made. WHO? Multinationalism, collective decision – making, and the rule of law – these offer the best hopeof reaching a stable and equitable world order. – Kofi Annan Morgenthau vs. Tickner 1. Morgenthau’s 6 principles2. Power is everything 3. Tension between moral and power4. Objective laws assuming human nature is the same across all time and cultures5. Human nature unchanging6. Importance of political world when you’re in that positionTickner’s response (Kantian): Objective laws based on masculine view – human nature has both feminine and masculine elements  social reproduction and development and political domination  “connected view” In a particular situation, we have an unconditional obligation to do only what we can honestly wish all other people to do under similar circumstances.Act according to the maxim that your behavior will become the model for all other behavior in the international system. System Reformers = Global Problem SolversGrotian Tradition:- Rule-based system aimed at encouraging cooperation/conflict resolution- Law/diplomacy- Regimes and multilateralism- Collective action to address common crises - Society to community- We over IMost Grotians emphasis on keeping system/things in tact  would find collective action to work for it. Ex. R2P, Millennium Development Goals, and list of common crisis from UN (CHECK SHEET SENT)Kantian Tradition- More universalism – more emphasis on cosmopolitan rights- Universal ethical rules - Foreign policy sextant: against colonialism (due to rights of individuals) Agenda: - John Locke and JJ Rousseauo Governance: Social contract and general will- Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas:o Responsibilities of citizens- Grotius, Puffendorf and deVattelo International society/lawA quick review John Locke: Two Treatises of Government- Unlike Hobbes, human beings are not natural enemies - Our activities are subject to natural law – we could be ruled or we could be free - Speaks of life-liberty and property Hobbes: Surrender freedoms to sovereign in payment for order Locke: Entrust freedoms (contract) to sovereign in return for order in a society governed by laws- Natural law, natural rights and a government that answers to citizens  KANT? Another view of governance – Jean Jacques Rousseau - Both John Locke and JJ Rousseau said governance is a social contract but JJ emphasizes on general will- When society forms together, we come with differing interests and ideas  selfish interests and in sharing of society, our selfish interests cross themselves out and form the common ideas/general will  build society on common interests- We as a global society have common interests - General will concept can be used negatively – dictators using general will to build nationalist movement - We escape the state of nature with a social contract: a common association- The moral power of the state comes from the will of he people and government depends on the will of the people- Individual/selfish interests cancel out leaving only common interests or the general will- Rousseau limits the community/no world government federation of states- Remember, “Stag Hunt”What about the duties and obligations of citizenship?More social democratic than libertarianAristotle: Debate with Plato about private property versus common property-Something that belongs to everyone belongs to no one. No one will feel responsible for care. - Duty of citizens is to hold private property in interests of civic duty. - Once in needs of family are met – remainder goes to those in need - Why is Finland giving a lot of aid to Botswana? - Maybe because looking at interest of civic dutyThomas Aquinas: Duty of charity for all citizens - Equally, whatever a man has in abundance is owed, of natural right, to the poor for their sustenance- Influenced future religious leaders - Papal encyclical: the right of private property is subordinated to the right of common use– the fact that goods are meant for everyone - Clearly shapes democratic thinking – focusing on more “We” and less “I or me “- Particularistic view says community is not possible because people are too focused on own interest and community is within nation state.  expanding into community of thenation states -Community is critical.Other ideas part of the tradition: - Man in state of nature- Men and states are sociable: - All men are related to each other by nature - Keyword here is related, meaning that each other’s actions influence each otherIndividuals and states have rights and obligations under international law- Nature of system- Not Hobbesian- Chaos and conflict- Individuals do not always act in self-interest- Force is okay if it’s just cause: It is wrong for one to do violence to another except for some preceding offence- Morality and the duality issue: Natural law universal based on God’s law – rational and reasonable societies (will discover those) - Morality is not defined by powerful alone!!!! - There is something called right behavior- No duality-action of states judged by universal standards of justice and moralityWhy follow and respect international law?- WANT: Order-stability-avoidance of retaliation-reciprocity- Mutual interests and mutual means! - Best way to do that is to follow international law’s order  stability, continuityIs world government the goal of Grotius? Does Grotius think we have a world society? Can one be developed? Can we have a world without war? - From Grotian perspective, war is a tool of statecraft but can have just war and just causes- War is okay for self-defense – support treaties and alliances – stop expansion – recover property – JUST CAUSES- Introduces the idea of building international community – basis for Wilson’s promotion of democracy and a rule based system to support all statesA society of states exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interest and common values, form a scoeity in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another. And share in the working of common institutions – H. BullMore system reformer voices: Hugo Grotius 1583 – 1645- Reason leads to proper action- 1625 on the Law of