IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 13 Current LectureThe real axis of evil is environmental degradation, the pandemic of global poverty and weapons of mass destruction. -William Sloan CoffinEnd of Section Exercise: What is Jessica’s Matthews key argument for why power is shifting awayfrom the state?Questions:Why do celebrities have so much influence?What kind of power do non-state actors like TSMOs and NGOs have to influence the foreign policy of nation-states and shape global policy?Is power shifting away from states? What strategies do TSMOs/TANs use to influence states?Fourth World: Social World/Global Civil Society1. The world of non-state actorsa. Proliferation of NGOs as government begins to pull back in certain areasb. Not for profit: NGOs, TSMOs, TANs, foundations, think tanks, research institutes, universitiesc. For profit: MNCs, TNCsd. Celebrity diplomacy: individuals with influence due to expertise or place in popular culturee. Many of these actors emerge in response to a simple questions: Who could help tomorrow if we want to address this issue?i. Governments run by Machiavellians see NGOs as interest groups representing too progressive causes and not representative of national causesf. Public actors: have national interests, have a particularistic viewi. Employee of the French government  cares about representing his/her citizens, limited viewg. Global civil society: has a human view, universal view, Kantian perspectiveA. Celebrity Diplomacya. Bonoization of diplomacyb. Globalization of popular culture pushes this form of diplomacyi. Celebrities become point people, global actorc. Mantra of celebritiesi. Ambactiare  go on a mission (Latin Ambassador)ii. Usual target of celebrity activism1. Global governance: UN, UNICEF, World Health Organizationa. Might have a spokesperson who is a celebrity to improve these organization2. Natural Disasters: Sean Penn3. Human Security: freedom from fear (preventing conflict, wars, terrorism) and want (development issues, poverty, hunger)4. Environment5. Human Rightsiii. Celebrities are not just symbols, often they see themselves as moral entrepreneurs1. Individuals who are pushing a moral cause, moral leaders 2. Increase credibility, private actions affect celebrities’ abilities to act as a moral leadersiv. Celebrity activism is not new—movie, TV, radio, sports, authors, etc…v. Global: K-Pop wrote a song about the G20d. Why so prevalent and influential today?i. Andrew Cooper: Celebrity Diplomacy (2008)1. Public perception: maybe emotional or psychological tendenciesa. Celebrities have influence because of their statues and credibility  they can sell anything (ideas, material goods, services, and commitments to causes)2. Campaign for ending land mines: Princess Diana, ICBL (had 2000 NGOs and countries most sensitive to issue to join, countries that are social democracies  moral entrepreneurs, Hislandt, moral guide, seeking Niche diplomacy) 3. Globalization has transformed information technologya. Local images and messages  global images and messagesii. Bob Geldof: Electronic Loop Around the Planet1. Critique of traditional diplomacy2. Celebrity diplomacy suggests that traditional diplomacy is too slow and linked to national interests (particularistic view)3. Everyone is a diplomat or a public voice4. Public diplomacy and advocacy5. Technology has made selling of images readily available to everyonee. A tradition of humanism set against and at times defying the tradition of statismi. Talking about world without borders, boundariesf. Celebrities can be agile, helpful, contradictory, outrageous, and insultingi. Risk attached to celebrity diplomacy, celebrity misrepresenting a particular causeii. Preference for someone to speak for them rather than speaking for themselvesiii. We look for symbols to represent the stuff we don’t want to read, think about, learnB. International NGOsa. Core of global civil societyb. 7500 true NGOsc. not all NGOs do war, floods, and refugeesd. Hurrell: Self-organized intermediary groups that are relatively independent of both public authorities and private economic actorse. Not all reformers and transformersi. Some that are very conservative maintainer groupsf. Involved in…i. Production of knowledge: research, Human Rights Watch, congressman needing information to help in policy decision-makingii. Promotion of norms, values, and rules: security issues, good global governance, not using land mines, just war, child soldiersiii. Dissemination of information: events, iv. Supporting policy and policy-makersv. Providing servicesg. Not a new thing  International Red Cross founded in 1859h. Nobel Prize: 1917, 1944, 1963i. Save the Children: Post WW1j. MSF: After Biafran Civil War in Nigeriak. Types of NGOsi. RINGOs: religious NGOs1. Worldvision, AFSC (Quaker group, very progressive), Caritas (liberation theology), Ploughshares (Mennonite organization, limitation of conventional arms), Church World Servicesii. BINGOs: controlled by corporations, NGOs aimed at promoting business and free market1. Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, Chamber of Commerce,CATO Instituteiii. GRINGOs: government regulated and initiated, watch over global civil society, done by an authoritarian country (China), paid for and created by government to make sure other NGOs are not doing things the government doesn’t like, infiltration, spiesiv. QUANGOs: quasi NGOs, most fund from public sources, still independent, partnerships with governments or regional and international organizations 1. EU: 67% of aid distributed by NGOs, gives most aid to NGOs2. OXFAM: 25-50% funding from government sources funding for NGOs also come from foundations and individuals: Ford, Skoll, Gates, Soros, Branson, Tata, and others3. Clinton Global Initiative: over 1.5 billion to projectsa. Mobil phone network in Gaza Stripb. Clean water in Africac. HIV/AIDSd. Research on climate changee. Rebuilding after natural disasters4. Tony Blair: Faith Foundationa. Faith and globalization research, response to Huntington’s argument for the clash of civilizationsb. More practical projects: malaria netsv. Goal of these projects and initiatives  collective actions, public and private partnershipsl. Transnational or global social movements: mode of collective action that may challenge dominant power structures; seek to resolve global problems; fill in when public authorities fail to act, step in to provide resources for a failed state; and promote