IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 3 Current Lecture1. A reminder: What are the basic skills that we will practice in IR?2. Capt Rockwood case: final thoughtsA potential exam question: I would use the Rockwood case to illustrate?3. Why this focus on worldviews or contending theoretical traditions in this course?Application: morality and ethics4. IR scholar as surfer-the intellectual development of the field of IRIn any period, the political object of struggle is to determine who rules. In this century, the question has been the far most momentous one of how rule should be structured. How should we intervene?In the Cold War, there were two rulebooks. Our rulebook and the Soviet Union rulebook. We won. Now it is about how the rule book should be applied. In Bush’s (Senior) presidency he talked about the Gulf War and Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. Not okay because it violates international law since Kuwait is a sovereignty. He talked about the “new world order”, the American way of doing things, “the rule of law”, you can not invade another country because you feel like it. For many years our international sextet was stop communism. Now our sextet is promoting and spreading democracy and capitalism. - Does this quote give us any insights into Rockwood’s worldview and his behavior?- Why did the US intervene?o Haitian refugee issue, illegal immigrantso Elections coming upo Domestic reasons: concern about America’s image, order in Floridao Humanitarian reasons: unstable region, atrocities occuring- This was a form of humanitarian intervention. Why intervene? Purpose of US intervention? Do we have a responsibility to intervene?- Machiavellians: yes—threat to national security, our image will be hurt  our power willbe hurt, containmento Install a government that likes us and a strong military to back it up- Grotian: Organization of American States, go through an organization, choose someone to lead but not you, we want to follow international law but we don’t want to be seen asthe hegemonic powero Peacekeeping force: Latin American state, Chileo Multilateral actiono UN to have a referendum?- Kantian: do the same thing as the Grotians, maybe more use of NGOso Grotian more attracted to the Kantian way: not going through UNo Regional organization over UNIs Haiti a failed state? How is that a security challenge for the US and the region?- Security challenge- Instability might spread to American statesConsider the lessons and the question. I would use the Rockwood Case to illustrate….Use case studies as evidence for exam questions. Critical thinking in IR/Why a contending worldviews approach?A diagram for analyzing international relations1. Worldviewsa. Transformers, Reformers, Maintainers2. Critical Thinking: DEPPP skillsa. DEPPPi. Describe: Describe issue/event based on worldview belief systemii. Explain: Give reasons for how your description best analyzes the issueiii. Predict: What does your worldview say will be the most likely end result for the issue?iv. Prescribe: What methods and strategies might work best to achieve your predicted resultv. Participate: Provide practical methods for citizens and governmentsb. Social Historian, Constructivist3. Five WorldsImportant Questions:- Who informs you and where do you get your information?- What’s is your worldview- How do you form your opinions?- Do you consider other worldviews besides your own?Bouding: The people whose decisions determine the policies and actions of nations do not respond to the objective facts of the situations—whatever that may mean, but their image of the situation. It is what we think the world is like not what it is really like that determines our behavior. - Our worldview has an affective and cognitive side- Problems in the world are caused by our lack of understanding of other culture’s imagesWorldview  images of the world  theory  facts  ordering of priorities  evaluation of policy  selection of policy and strategy  policy actionBenefits of worldview analysis- Provides multiple interpretations of reality- Seeing world through one worldview leads to rejection of all other info—range of acceptance narrows if dogmatic about worldviews- Less open you are to other worldviews—more resistant to change- By accepting other worldviews—increase chances of finding workable solutions to complex problems- Acts as an info processing system—worldview lighten the burden of decision-makingFisher: a former diplomat Six functions of a worldview: 1. Agenda for priorities and strategies for achieving a. Simplifies thingsb. I am a Machiavellian…2. Constrains behavior of states and individualsa. We don’t do that in the US…b. Tells us who we are3. Stability and continuity4. Justify policy actionsa. Kyoto Protocol: US capitalism is more important that environmentalismb. ICC: we didn’t sign it5. Decision-makers cope with complexity ad controversy6. Build or enhance national unity—national political cultureWe act to what we “believe is reason and reality”Contending Theories: By the end of the class  this is the issue, these are the three standpoints, this is my view and whyPlace of Morality and ethical behavior in IRRealists  Morgenthau and Niebuhr- Human nature is fundamentally corrupt and self-centered but it also contains rational, moral, and religious resources help us avoid worst outcomes- Kennan: The process of government is a practical exercise and not a moral oneo Not about morality, this is the political world, we need to get things done- Morality has an instrumental political role.- Spykman: the search for power is not made for the achievement of moral values- Moral values are used to facilitate the attainment of powero Don’t you like us?Ethical act for Kantian: you do something that is moral and you don’t get anything in returnOther end of theoretical spectrum:Kantians/Universalists- Categorical imperative: demand of practical reason that informs the activity of all rational agentso Act according to the notion that your behavior becomes the norm for all other behaviors- Practical reason forbids all indiscriminate killing, intentional lying and other acts violatingthe rights of citizens in global community- Kant… o Sees state as a moral person Duality of morality Moral purpose for state and moral purpose for individualo States that all persons own the earth and resourceso