IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 20 Current LectureIt is in the nature of things, that a state which subsists upon a revenue furnished by other countries must be infinitely more exposed to all the accidents of time and chance than one which produces its own.-Thomas MalthusThe Problem of Structural Dependence- If you’re dependent on a state that economic trouble, what do you do- Domestic issue- What kind of foreign policy would a structurally dependent state have?o Acquiescent, if they revolt  intransient (4 types of foreign policy)o Active if it is a small third world country, active member of the G77Know puzzles for final.Political Culture: History, Tradition, and Ideology- Rules of the game and the agenda or menu of policy choiceso Decision-making: winner take all versus politics of accommodation/amicable agreemento Domestic politics: private enterprises, egalitarians, quality of liferso Foreign policy cultures CW Maynes: controller, shaper, abstainer- Controllers: want to control the international system, intervening and making sure it reflects their views, seeking hegemony- Shapers: involved in groups or organizations that shape the natureof the international system, regional and international system, leading but not trying to control, seeking rule-based system- Abstainer: don’t want to get involved, isolationist W.R. Mead: Jeffersonian, Hamiltonian, Jacksonian, Wilsonian- Jeffersonian: most important thing is to be strong at home, crime-free, educated, happy domestic public, home comes first, strengthabroad is determined by strength at homeo Colin Powell- Hamiltonian: strong economic policy, lead by trade and activism inglobal economy, promoting more capitalism- Jacksonian: a strong military, make sure you are willing to use that military- Wilsonian: international law, international organization, rule of law, democracy, Grotian perspective, league of nations- These are mingle and mix together to create American foreign policy, depends on presidento Bill Clinton: Hamiltonian, Wilsoniano George Bush Senior: Wilsonian (going to the UN, using UN effectively)o George W. Bush: Jeffersoniano IDEOLOGY Michael Hunt: interrelated set of conviction or assumptions that reduces the complexities of a particular slice of reality to easily comprehensible terms and suggests appropriate ways of dealing with reality Communism, Fascism, Neoliberal capitalism- Neoliberal capitalism: Washington consensus, selling off any publicly held things, everything is privatized,  Puzzle: Why would a country cut its foreign aid budget?- If a state shifts its priorities from controller to abstainer then it willcut its aid. (shift in political culture)- If a country shifts its political culture from Jeffersonian to Hamiltonian ideals, it will increase its aid. Tool: Power Capabilities What is power in each of the four worlds? Military: hard power/capacity and will Economic: wealth, resources, technology and industrial capacity Political: control of governance, rules, activism and Leadership in global institutions, prestige and moral suasion Nye’s soft power: attractiveness of your ideas and values, ability to shape the preferences of othersTool: Domestic Politics Electoral calculations Coalition, building for policy making and election Role of interest groups and special interests In US it would include political action committees and campaign contributions Puzzle: Why did the Bush administration increase funding for preventing AIDS in Africa?o If a leader is supported by religious groups that favor a moral agenda then support for moral programs will increase. (lots of money from conservative religious groups) Emphasizing abstinence, RINGOsHybrid ToolsTool: Second-Image Reversed How do domestic factors influence international relations?o Now reverse it: How do system changes influence domestic politics? How did the end of the Cold War influence domestic politics?o Reduce military spending, peace dividend Kahler: How decolonization influence domestic election in France and UKTool: Two Level Games Robert Putnam: playing Texas Hold Em’ at two tables with one hand Great analytical tool to explain negotiation between states or other actorso Must be able to bargain with citizens (Game 1)o Bargaining with leaders (Game 2)Level 3: System- The system created by the interation of states- K. Waltz: The third image describes the framework of world politics, but without first and second images there can be no knowledge of the forces that determine policyTool: Level of Anarchy and Order Anarcy  world government More regimes, more order No common power K. Waltz: The third image is the nature of anarchy and because of that anarchy each state pursues its own interest, however defined, in ways it judges best. o Constant search for order, states responding to constraints,  English School: international society exists Puzzle: Why is the number of major conflicts in decline?o The greater the number of issue regimes, the less chance for conflictTool: Distribution of Power Classic Balance of Powero Cold War: tight bipolarity, very little leeway for states, states have less flexibility in foreign policy, tensions are higho Détente: loose bipolarity, more flexibility, o Multi-polarity: lots of flexibility, but also can be uncertain because there is more competitiono Regionalism: ?o Concert: major powers come togethero Non-polarity: Richard Haa’s idea, no body has power over anything, involves non-state actors, sometimes even more powerful than stateso Hegemony/EmpireTool: International Obligations Formal treaties Informal traditions, connections, kinship What about ethics and norms? Ethics  obeying the unenforceable Obligation and responsibilities of membership in a global community Reciprocity: behavior becomes a rule for others Individual level beliefs combine with political culture to shape importance Hypothesis:o The more tight alliance structure less change for independent foreign policyo The greater the sense of community among global powers, the more chance for reciprocity in interactionsTool: Regimes-Governing Arrangements Handout: moving towards regime governance Govern in specific policy areas from cooperative research to regulation Issue specific regimes: IAEA, Trade, Human Rights Regimes work well if the major powers support themFourth Level: Global