IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 20 Current Lecture It is in the nature of things that a state which subsists upon a revenue furnished by other countries must be infinitely more exposed to all the accidents of time and chance than one which produces its own Thomas Malthus The Problem of Structural Dependence If you re dependent on a state that economic trouble what do you do Domestic issue What kind of foreign policy would a structurally dependent state have o Acquiescent if they revolt intransient 4 types of foreign policy o Active if it is a small third world country active member of the G77 Know puzzles for final Political Culture History Tradition and Ideology Rules of the game and the agenda or menu of policy choices o Decision making winner take all versus politics of accommodation amicable agreement o Domestic politics private enterprises egalitarians quality of lifers o Foreign policy cultures CW Maynes controller shaper abstainer Controllers want to control the international system intervening and making sure it reflects their views seeking hegemony Shapers involved in groups or organizations that shape the nature of the international system regional and international system leading but not trying to control seeking rule based system Abstainer don t want to get involved isolationist W R Mead Jeffersonian Hamiltonian Jacksonian Wilsonian Jeffersonian most important thing is to be strong at home crimefree educated happy domestic public home comes first strength abroad is determined by strength at home o Colin Powell Hamiltonian strong economic policy lead by trade and activism in global economy promoting more capitalism Jacksonian a strong military make sure you are willing to use that military Wilsonian international law international organization rule of law democracy Grotian perspective league of nations These are mingle and mix together to create American foreign policy depends on president o Bill Clinton Hamiltonian Wilsonian o George Bush Senior Wilsonian going to the UN using UN effectively o George W Bush Jeffersonian o IDEOLOGY Michael Hunt interrelated set of conviction or assumptions that reduces the complexities of a particular slice of reality to easily comprehensible terms and suggests appropriate ways of dealing with reality Communism Fascism Neoliberal capitalism Neoliberal capitalism Washington consensus selling off any publicly held things everything is privatized Puzzle Why would a country cut its foreign aid budget If a state shifts its priorities from controller to abstainer then it will cut its aid shift in political culture If a country shifts its political culture from Jeffersonian to Hamiltonian ideals it will increase its aid Tool Power Capabilities What is power in each of the four worlds Military hard power capacity and will Economic wealth resources technology and industrial capacity Political control of governance rules activism and Leadership in global institutions prestige and moral suasion Nye s soft power attractiveness of your ideas and values ability to shape the preferences of others Tool Domestic Politics Electoral calculations Coalition building for policy making and election Role of interest groups and special interests In US it would include political action committees and campaign contributions Puzzle Why did the Bush administration increase funding for preventing AIDS in Africa o If a leader is supported by religious groups that favor a moral agenda then support for moral programs will increase lots of money from conservative religious groups Emphasizing abstinence RINGOs Hybrid Tools Tool Second Image Reversed How do domestic factors influence international relations o Now reverse it How do system changes influence domestic politics How did the end of the Cold War influence domestic politics o Reduce military spending peace dividend Kahler How decolonization influence domestic election in France and UK Tool Two Level Games Robert Putnam playing Texas Hold Em at two tables with one hand Great analytical tool to explain negotiation between states or other actors o Must be able to bargain with citizens Game 1 o Bargaining with leaders Game 2 Level 3 System The system created by the interation of states K Waltz The third image describes the framework of world politics but without first and second images there can be no knowledge of the forces that determine policy Tool Level of Anarchy and Order Anarcy world government More regimes more order No common power K Waltz The third image is the nature of anarchy and because of that anarchy each state pursues its own interest however defined in ways it judges best o Constant search for order states responding to constraints English School international society exists Puzzle Why is the number of major conflicts in decline o The greater the number of issue regimes the less chance for conflict Tool Distribution of Power Classic Balance of Power o Cold War tight bipolarity very little leeway for states states have less flexibility in foreign policy tensions are high o D tente loose bipolarity more flexibility o Multi polarity lots of flexibility but also can be uncertain because there is more competition o Regionalism o Concert major powers come together o Non polarity Richard Haa s idea no body has power over anything involves nonstate actors sometimes even more powerful than states o Hegemony Empire Tool International Obligations Formal treaties Informal traditions connections kinship What about ethics and norms Ethics obeying the unenforceable Obligation and responsibilities of membership in a global community Reciprocity behavior becomes a rule for others Individual level beliefs combine with political culture to shape importance Hypothesis o The more tight alliance structure less change for independent foreign policy o The greater the sense of community among global powers the more chance for reciprocity in interactions Tool Regimes Governing Arrangements Handout moving towards regime governance Govern in specific policy areas from cooperative research to regulation Issue specific regimes IAEA Trade Human Rights Regimes work well if the major powers support them Fourth Level Global Factors Man made global media and internet Natural weather patterns climate change pandemics How do TSMOs and TANs shape foreign policy o Media and public opinion global CNN effect pressure to act little time to think unrealistic agenda and uncertain support o Consider the role of social media and the Arab spring o