IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 11 Current LectureThe world is a dangerous place, in which a large number of people resent our wealth, power and culture.-Robert KaplanReview Questions1. What kind of government would you place in Afghanistan that is a multicultural nation state?a. Consociationalism b. Society develops in pillarsc. Future challenge: multiple identities, competing loyalties2. Why did world leaders feel that state identity or nationalism would replace ethnonationalism?a. Build identity and loyalty to state by providing three areas of activitiesb. Education, prosperity, and stability would create cross-cutting patterns of identity or cleavagesc. Movement in system: choosing to be educatedd. Replacing reinforcing cleavages that create conflict and fragmentation e. How, as a political leader, do you create these policies? A. Key Actorsi. Leadersi. Popular Culture: Pope, Oprah, Gandhi, Lady Gagaii. Political Culture: opinion leaders, Woodrow Wilson, Tom Friedman, Machiavelli, Kantiii. Cultural leaders, religious leaders, intellectual or thought leadersii. Critical Pointi. Universities, think tanks, and research institutes involved in the production of knowledge influence all dimensions of cultureii. Dominance of realism in policy debates1. Cuban missile crisis: Iran getting a nuclear weapon2. Containment, instill fear, increase sanctions, coercive diplomacyiii. Obama wants to cut down number of nuclear weapons we haveB. Power in traditional culture?i. Leaders control meaning, practices, and membership in a communityi. Access to community resources: both material (money) and ideational (core beliefs)ii. Being expelled from a church, church setting rules of lifeC. Why is fundamentalism on the rise? (look at textbook)i. Other cultures crowding our identity, traditions, and valuesi. Influence of Western cultureii. Secularization of societyi. Religious values don’t matterii. Obama administration: birth control and family planning must be offered across the boardiii. Cultural relativismi. No universal right or wrongii. We have to accept rules that wrong in our culture but right in another1. Stoning to death, multiple wives, etc…iii. Do we need to be tolerant of those who aren’t tolerant to us?iv. Loss of moral authorityi. Governments are not promoting a certain set of valuesii. Anything goesv. Globalization pushing cultures together  increasing collisionsi. Self-separation from certain culturesii. Keeping others out1. KKK, Neo-Nazis, etc… vi. Core debate: universal vs. particularistic viewsi. Universal  all human beingsii. Particularistic  national citizens or member of ethnic communitiesiii. Resistance of universalism through ethnonationalismvii. Insiders and outsidersD. Critics of the cultural argument: the idea that culture doesn’t matter at alli. Culture cannot explain human behavior—culture is so imprecise and changeable a phenomena that is explains less that most people realizeii. What explains human behavior better than culture i. Influence of ideas: capitalism, democracyii. Actions of governmentiii. Knowledge era: creation and dissemination of information iii. Levels of analysis: why we do what we do, value set, four levelsiv. Strong argument that culture is still the primary source of identity and actionv. Benjamin Barber: Conflicts in the future will put traditional cultural values against the popular cultural artifacts and more universal values pushed by globalization.i. Go back to notion of levels of actions to explain motivations of individualsii. Trying to Find Oz: Does globalization have an impact on the stability of thestate? Testing Castells’ theory. E. Are we that different?i. World Values Survey: cultural dividei. Exaggerating differences and ignoring similaritiesii. Arab Spring: same universal desires, not as big of a gap of values as we thinkSecond Dimension: Popular Culture- The culture of mass appeal or consumerism and materialism- Western or American popular culture—consumerism and materialism is spreading- Christopher Lasch: The ceaseless translation of luxuries into necessities or the pornography of making it. - Not a new ideao William Stead: The Americanization of the World (1902)National identities, cultures, languages, and traditions will disappear under the weight of American habits and states of mindo Counterview: Rich and Pells (2002)American mass culture has not transformed the world into a replica of the U.S. instead America’s dependence on foreign cultures has made the US a replica of the world. Diversity of culture in major cities in the US, different foods, peoples-Strong cultures will survive-The internet and social media will counter attempts to socialize young populationgroups to a particular culture-How do you maintain learned knowledge?-Desire to learn more about popular culture over political cultureThird Dimension: Political Culture (National Operational Code)- What is the operational code? How you make philosophical beliefs instrumental, how you exercise them- Larry Diamondo A people’s predominant beliefs, attitudes, values, ideals, sentiments, and evaluations about the political system of its country, and the role of self inthat system. - Security dilemma  arms race- Globalization of western ideals, values, and practices began with the movement of monks/religious movements, European imperialism and conquesto Dominant- Questioning and rejection of ideas happens in times of crisiso Questioning Anglo-American capitalism, looking to state capitalism/Nordic model- End of WW1: liberalism and Wilsonian ideals- Beginning of the Marxist alternative- End of the WW2: liberalism, Soviet totalitarianism and third world socialismMichael Mandelbaum: The Ideas that Conquered the World (2002)- Wilsonian Triad Disarmament/arms control/peace Democracy: rule of law Free market and regimes aimed at managing global economy A liberal vision and liberal hegemony post WW2 Global political