IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 11 Current Lecture The world is a dangerous place in which a large number of people resent our wealth power and culture Robert Kaplan Review Questions 1 What kind of government would you place in Afghanistan that is a multicultural nation state a Consociationalism b Society develops in pillars c Future challenge multiple identities competing loyalties 2 Why did world leaders feel that state identity or nationalism would replace ethnonationalism a Build identity and loyalty to state by providing three areas of activities b Education prosperity and stability would create cross cutting patterns of identity or cleavages c Movement in system choosing to be educated d Replacing reinforcing cleavages that create conflict and fragmentation e How as a political leader do you create these policies A Key Actors i Leaders i Popular Culture Pope Oprah Gandhi Lady Gaga ii Political Culture opinion leaders Woodrow Wilson Tom Friedman Machiavelli Kant iii Cultural leaders religious leaders intellectual or thought leaders ii Critical Point i Universities think tanks and research institutes involved in the production of knowledge influence all dimensions of culture ii Dominance of realism in policy debates 1 Cuban missile crisis Iran getting a nuclear weapon 2 Containment instill fear increase sanctions coercive diplomacy iii Obama wants to cut down number of nuclear weapons we have B Power in traditional culture i Leaders control meaning practices and membership in a community i Access to community resources both material money and ideational core beliefs ii Being expelled from a church church setting rules of life C Why is fundamentalism on the rise look at textbook i Other cultures crowding our identity traditions and values i Influence of Western culture ii Secularization of society i Religious values don t matter ii Obama administration birth control and family planning must be offered across the board iii Cultural relativism i No universal right or wrong ii We have to accept rules that wrong in our culture but right in another 1 Stoning to death multiple wives etc iii Do we need to be tolerant of those who aren t tolerant to us iv Loss of moral authority i Governments are not promoting a certain set of values ii Anything goes v Globalization pushing cultures together increasing collisions i Self separation from certain cultures ii Keeping others out 1 KKK Neo Nazis etc vi Core debate universal vs particularistic views i Universal all human beings ii Particularistic national citizens or member of ethnic communities iii Resistance of universalism through ethnonationalism vii Insiders and outsiders D Critics of the cultural argument the idea that culture doesn t matter at all i Culture cannot explain human behavior culture is so imprecise and changeable a phenomena that is explains less that most people realize ii What explains human behavior better than culture i Influence of ideas capitalism democracy ii Actions of government iii Knowledge era creation and dissemination of information iii Levels of analysis why we do what we do value set four levels iv Strong argument that culture is still the primary source of identity and action v Benjamin Barber Conflicts in the future will put traditional cultural values against the popular cultural artifacts and more universal values pushed by globalization i Go back to notion of levels of actions to explain motivations of individuals ii Trying to Find Oz Does globalization have an impact on the stability of the state Testing Castells theory E Are we that different i World Values Survey cultural divide i Exaggerating differences and ignoring similarities ii Arab Spring same universal desires not as big of a gap of values as we think Second Dimension Popular Culture The culture of mass appeal or consumerism and materialism Western or American popular culture consumerism and materialism is spreading Christopher Lasch The ceaseless translation of luxuries into necessities or the pornography of making it Not a new idea o William Stead The Americanization of the World 1902 National identities cultures languages and traditions will disappear under the weight of American habits and states of mind o Counterview Rich and Pells 2002 American mass culture has not transformed the world into a replica of the U S instead America s dependence on foreign cultures has made the US a replica of the world Diversity of culture in major cities in the US different foods peoples Strong cultures will survive The internet and social media will counter attempts to socialize young population groups to a particular culture How do you maintain learned knowledge Desire to learn more about popular culture over political culture Third Dimension Political Culture National Operational Code What is the operational code How you make philosophical beliefs instrumental how you exercise them Larry Diamond o A people s predominant beliefs attitudes values ideals sentiments and evaluations about the political system of its country and the role of self in that system Security dilemma arms race Globalization of western ideals values and practices began with the movement of monks religious movements European imperialism and conquest o Dominant Questioning and rejection of ideas happens in times of crisis o Questioning Anglo American capitalism looking to state capitalism Nordic model End of WW1 liberalism and Wilsonian ideals Beginning of the Marxist alternative End of the WW2 liberalism Soviet totalitarianism and third world socialism Michael Mandelbaum The Ideas that Conquered the World 2002 Wilsonian Triad Disarmament arms control peace Democracy rule of law Free market and regimes aimed at managing global economy A liberal vision and liberal hegemony post WW2 Global political culture