IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 21 Current LectureThe foreign policy of a nation addresses itself not to the external world per se but rather to the images of the external world as promoted by a nation’s leader.-Louis HalleThe powerful do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.-ThucydidesTaxonomy of RealismA. Worldview Categoy 1: System Maintainer-Realism Foundation Voices: Thucydides, St. Augustine, Machiavelli, and Hobbes Look for key contributions1. Thucydides (460 BCE): classical historian- Elected as a general, failed at battle and became a writer of history- History of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)- See Melian Dialogue, pg. 91, translated by Hobbesa. “…human nature being what it is…”b. Lesson of phrase: human nature is fallible and we repeat mistakes, a study of human nature and the behavior of statesc. Human behavior is guided by fear, self interest, honor  these aspects of human nature that cause war and instabilityd. Crisis and war happens when pure instinct (biological explanations) triumphs over laws  politics and governance fail  replaced by anarchy- First to use levels of analysis- Minimalist: minimizes the exclusive focus on human nature as a minimalist, sees state behavior shaped by internal and external factors- States are confronted with external necessities (systemic factors) and driven by internal compulsions (domestic factors) that impel them to violate moral principles in foreign affairsa. Very important to realism- Most theorists focus on the Chapter XVIIa. 16th year of the war, Melian Conference, fate of Melos- What ideas contribute to foundation of classical realist thinking?a. If we’re friendly with other states, we will be seen as weak.Image is important. Need to show the world that we’re hard. i. Important of Image and integrity, follow rules and expect others to also do so, reciprocityb. IR is a constant struggle for power. Relative and absolute power. Modern day neo-realism. c. Power always wins over ethicsd. Security dilemma and the important of system structure, balance of poweri. Where did the idea of the security dilemma come from?ii. What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear it cause in Sparta.iii. Security dilemma  arms racee. Importance of geopolitics: land and sea powerf. Limits of treaties and alliances: obligationsg. In balance of power, if one power feels chance for hegemony they will go for it. (World War 2)h. Only the weak resort to moral arguments  small states as moral guides, no cost for taking moral leadershipi. Great powers pursue only their national interests, not abstractions and wishful thinking. j. People cannot restrain their desire for powerk. Self-interest over common good2. St. Augustine (354 – 430 CE)- Teacher of rhetoric and follower of mani (sub-Christian sect)- Manichean view of the world: good vs. evil, us vs. them- Bishop of Hippo- Radical and material opposition of good and evil- Oppose all evil to succeed- Wrote 113 books, 500 sermons, and 200 letters in five areas:a. Roman empire and Christianityb. Human nature and societyc. Just war (comes up in Grotian perspective)d. Religious coercione. Church and secular world- City of God: sack of Rome by Goths in 410a. Imperfection is a reality in the worldb. War is an enduring feature of human life but also a “fallen human condition” (we fail when we go to war, fail of system and human condition)c. War can be justified and may be a Christian dutyd. Critical of human militarisme. “Wise men will wage just wars—no wars if not just.”- Introduces Christian pessimism (Niebhur and Morgenthau)a. Humankind has fallen from graceb. Life is a cycle of sin, forgiveness, shame, guilt, and further sinc. No absolute good on Earthd. Allegiance to God, not state- Consider the power this may give religious leaders control over meaning and thus followers3. Machiavell (1469 – 1527)- Maximalist: focuses on human nature- Fundamental realism/human nature as selfish, not constrained by higher moral laws- Strong government to need to control human nature- Core  human nature- Martin Wight: first political advisor without ethical presuppositions- Seems to have influenced advisor today?- “So suave is deceit brought to its imagined and dear purpose that divests another of effort and makes every bitter taste sweet.”- The Prince (1514): job re-application for Medici family- Discourses the First Ten Books of Levy (1531)- 3 factors combine to make an effective leader and shape political life: opportunity, ingenuity, ability, skill, and luck- The prince is often obliged in order to maintain the state, to act against faith, charity, humanity, and religion.a. Core assumption of realism? Duality of morality. b. States and individuals have different standards of morality- Leadership: biggest challenge for a leader is to overcome any moral inhibitions that might hinder pursuit of national interest, necessity not morality- View of the state: in the Discourses—history of the Roman empirea. Loved stability of Rome: power to leaders, good laws, a constitution, common religionb. Blend of aristocracy and democracy but not authoritarian regimesc. Well armed and prepared for war: citizen armyd. Promises and pledges among rulers of different lands werekept only by armse. Mistrust among rulers leads to war as a constant feature ofIR- War and IR: always prepare for war, always ready to use force to gain more powera. Leaders have two choices:i. Take initiative and wage war when you have certainadvantagesii. Sit back and wait to be attacked when the enemy has the advantageb. No distinction between just and unjust warc. Preemptive attack: okay if it protects a state (another state is clearly ready to attack)d. Preventive wars (Bush doctrine): launched by states against others before that state poses a real or imminent threati. Against international lawe. Under Machiavelli both are okay if we win, enhance powerf. Unlike domestic politics, in IR the goals are survival, longevity, and glory—not piety, virtue and a greater goodg. International system is governed by separate rules, norms, and practicesh. Keep citizens at home happy- If Machiavelli was a political advisor today…a. Do not trust anyone to represent your interests—you will always be deceivedb. Winning is everythingc. Deceit and cunning are essentiald. To maintain power you might have to use violence and