IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 12 Current LectureTo be truly liberated intellectually and thus, politically, is to acknowledge uncertainty and eschew all projects that reek of sovereign voices and intellectual closure.-Kal HolstiIn terms of our discussion about the cultural world, what is the meaning here?- What is power in the cultural world? Control over meaning. - Recognize reliability of sources- Where do you get your information?Third Dimension of Culture: Political Culture—National Operational CodeOperational Code: how you operationalize philosophical beliefs- Globalization of western ideals, values, and practices began with the movement of monks/religious movements, European imperialism and conquest- Questioning and rejecting of ideas happens in times of crisiso Greece Capitalist system State’s ability to provide for you, people in political power Membership in the European Union (Grotian system), rule of law, treaties Might vote for a state capitalist, nationalist, very Machiavellian, and neo-mercantilist in policies- End of WWI: liberalism and Wilsonian ideals- Beginning of the Marxist alternative, collective self reliance, breaking dependency on Western factories- End of WWII: liberalism, Soviet totalitarianism & third world socialismWilsonian Triad1. Disarmament/arms, control/peace2. Democracy: rule of law3. Free market ad regimes aimed at managing global economy- Liberal vision and liberal hegemony—post WWII Soviet system rejected- Alternatives did develop:o Dependencia (Latin American view), self-reliance, liberation theology, and deep ecologist views Dependencia: periphery and core, capitalism by nature serves core states and keep periphery states down, search for cheaper goods/resources Marxists priests Deep ecologists- Today most international regimes promote principles, rules, and procedures that reflect democratic and capitalist ideas- Most NGOs and MNCs are pushing a liberal agenda resistance to the “colonization of themind”o Western view domination of culture—homogenization of culture is growingo Preventing the nurturing of local dreamso Disneyfication or cokeacolonizationo Death of diversity/promoting efficiency and profit over diversity and authenticity Bottle babies- New world information and communication ordero Most media is controlled by four major news agencieso Monopoly over information - Occupy movement- Anti-globalization view- Deep green ecological viewsKey Question: Are we spreading the enlightenment or are we crowding out other cultural ideas that might be of value?- Depends on worldview- Kantian: only one part of human society that is being hurt, include more voices in our discussion, think about how we marginalize alternative voicesControversies in Cultural World- Who controls the production of knowledge—how alternative or minority voices are marginalized- Loss of cultural identity- Ethnic conflict, civil wars, ethnic cleansing, genocide- Our concern should be about the low priority accorded to the moral dimensions of foreign policy by the sort of commitments that have been made to end genocidal politics(Richard Falk)- Rise of fundamentalism and intolerance for the “other”o Ex. Huntington’s “clash of civilization” Another realist argument: looking for an enemy? The need for an enemy part of a political culture? Culture and cultural identities will shape patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict for the future Global politics played out in a multi-polar and multi-civilizational world West in decline Islamic pop growing Asia growing and becoming more powerful and influential US must lead the west to stop decline- Lead the west to make sure west is not overcome by non-western civilizations- Argument first dismisses but 9/11, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and economic crisis in face of Chinese and Indian prosperity has fueled this point of view Critics of Huntington- Aartya Sen:o Civilizations are mixtures of many cultureso People have plural identitieso No monolithic civilizations- Edward Saido Huntington’s argument a new rationale for global activismo Will this be a new foreign policy sextant for the US?o Jimmy Carter’s noble lie: human rightso Every civilization is pluralistic and only misinformed and demagogues would say they speak for al members of a cultural communityo Huntington’s argument is a call to arms for the westo Interdependence brings culture together—peacefully/learning o In rationalist/enlightenment form, where is the discussion of education and cultural understandingThings about cultural world:- Control over meaning- Traditional culture: religious leaders are major actor, helps define who we are and who they are, establishes the “other”, ethno-nationalism (4 options of identity: - Assume primordial identities would go away- Political culture: Wilsonian Triad, Dependencia model - Popular culture: resistance to Westoxification, but US is not always just dumping on everyone else, US is becoming more aware, multiple ethnicities in major citiesFourth World: Social World or Global Civil Society- A world that is most important to reform internationalists, Grotian and English school solidarist- That space between public sector or government and the business sector—for profit private sector- Private associations with broad interestso Many are developed as problem-solves- Filling a void where governments may fail When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle. -Edmund Burke- Very Western if not AmericanWherever at the head of some new undertaking you see the government in France, or a man of rank in England, in the US you will be sure to fin an association.-Alexis de Tocqueville-Notion of NGO-Who is leading