IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 8 Current LectureGlobal Governance in the New ArcticPower is as vital today as ever in securing national interests. It remains the necessary means to all important international ends, the principal coin of the realm.-Leslie GelbMan without laws it the lowest of animals-AristotlePolitical World Questions:1. Describe the international system? Westphalian? English school?2. Who are the primary actors in this policy world?a. Depends on worldviewb. Machiavellian (realist): states, powerful statesc. Grotian (reform internationalist): states, international regimesd. Moving towards regime governancee. Kantians3. How are states organized? Options?a. Pluralistic democracyb. Neopluralisticc. Corporatismd. Social Democracye. TotalitarianismPolitical CultureHow does political culture shape policy choices and strategies?- Traditions, values, norms, beliefs that make up a society’s story or narrative- Defines what is possible and acceptable politically- Every culture has domestic, belief systems and myths, stories that act as a societal glue- Justify and promote policy positionsRosenau and Holsti’s Three:1. Free enterprisers2. Egalitarians3. Quality of lifersa. Living with less, moving away from materialismRobert Reich’s Myths:- Rot at the top: we don’t like the elite, nobody wants to be rich, we don’t like people whoare in office for a long time—career politicians- Mob at the gates: immigration issue- Triumphant individual: don’t expect someone to help you- Benevolent community: rely on community not government- Myths may not be true but promoted in popular culture- How do these myths shape policy?o Economic interests, people with skills we want, development assistanto If you’re the secretary for AID, what policies would make in light of the election? Easy aid to NGOs (benevolent communities) Money to universities (triumphant individual) Fulbright studentsNational Image Studies:- Nordics as gidsland: place in the world is to be the moral leaders, reflects domestic political cultureo Purpose of aid: promote social democracies around the world- Dutch: peace, profits, and principles- China: middle kingdom, center of the world, states around China are vassals- US: exceptional nation or indispensible powerOperational Code: core political beliefs and how you apply themThreat of International System: anarchic, zero-sum game, my gains are your losses, reward friends—punish enemiesDomestic political culture and national operational code  combines with international factors shape foreign policy and security strategiesPosen and Ross:- Primacy: we need to be the strongest power in the world, concerned with our absolute and relative power- Selective Engagement: we don’t have to be the strongest in the world, we just have just have to involve our self in military activities that are of benefit to us, military power in the ME, Europe, etc…- Cooperative Security: alliances- Neoisolationism: use military power to protect US and leave rest of the world to its ownRosenau’s Cold War era adaptive foreign policy strategies: - Promotive: promoting your ideas around the world, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar- Acquiescent: go with it- Preservative: you were once a major power and you’re trying to hold on to what power you have left, former colonial powers- Intransigent: challenging the system, China under Mao, economically intransigence?o Movement towards expanding system to let states in, changing system from withino Primary objective in world systemo Iran, BurmaMilitary or Security StatePermanent war economy military industrial complex hard power coin of realmPower Behaviors: hard vs. softCommand  coerce threat pay sanction frame persuade attract  co-opt Offensive Realism: absolute and relative power, power maximizersversusDefensive Realism: absolute power, security maximizersSecurity state: debate between offensive and defensive realismJoe Nye: The Future of Power (2011)- Military power- Economic power- Soft power: spend money on Olympic team, Fulbrights, University exchanges, public diplomacy, films around the world o Torture, killing of Osama Bin Laden (hard power)- Smart power: using resources to maximize power and get what you want in the systemBacevich’s Washington RulesChinese Military Scenario-Global military presence-Global power projection-Global interventionism-Condition of perpetual warFramed to US domestic community as essential for freedom and securityUS Leaders—republican or democrat—expect the world to appreciate US power—source of comfort and reassuranceIdeas get embedded in the culture, is the Cold War over?Does the world feel this way?Enduring Questions:1. Why rise in ethnonationalism?a. Ethnonationalism: rise of ethnic groups, cultural groups that are trying to separate from states2. Is power shifting away from the state?a. NGOs, regimes3. Is military force fungible in most international interactions?a. Where does heart of IR happen? Economics4. Can a state provide security in a world defined by forces of globalization?a. How easy is it for state to protect citizens?b. Issue of cyber warfare5. Does globalization increase the security dilemma?Important Questions:If realism/neorealism assumptions about global politics dominate in policy world and embedded in major institutions, is reform or transformation possible?Is the Cold War really over?- US operational code, how has it changed?- Need for an enemy, competitive