IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 24 Current Lecture A Morgenthau foreign policy sextant Moderation prudence and not universal morality Prudence your foreign policy should be about weighing your options and choosing the path with the least blood and money spent and always keeping your national interest in mind Hans Morgenthau 1904 1980 Tried to convince US leaders to embrace world leadership how to use power Main problem need to understand that the political world is all about power The desire to dominate is a constituent element of all human associations Politics Among Nations o Not a criticism of idealism trying to develop a theory to explain guide relations between states Ideas embraced by US leaders No isolation No idealism Active leadership Using power to secure national interest Confront USSR A few critical ideas Human nature constant egotistic self serving Political relations struggle for power Duality of morality separate ethics for public and private spheres o One can be ethical if it serves interests and enhances power and security o the states Separate spheres for human activity Rejects the end justifies the means o If you win doesn t matter how you win Ethic of responsibility o Influenced by Weber use moral judgment to select most effective and least evil What about Morgenthau s six principles of realism Tickner s respose How would a Grotian respond Nature of politics human nature o We can have a rule based system people who are rational will discover what to do National interests defined in terms of power rational objective o We re guided by justice being just in interactions with others o Rule utilitarian gaining power in cooperation power in creating rules o Cooperation over control over others o Rule based system that everyone can benefit from o You have a positive sum view of the world o Who has power in the UN One nation one vote Kantian Grotian okay to have a security council Power control of man over man universally valid Moral politics tension Moral actions of state not universal pursuit of power saves us from moral excess o Categorical imperative o No universal principles o Universal rules but also notion of cultural interpretation Autonomy of political sphere o Economic man o Broader definition of what power and influence is in the system o Notion of the chess board chess on multiple tables at the same time o Have to create rules to govern trade cultural relations etc What are Morgenthau s six principles of realism and how would a Grotian respond to them Foundational realism modern realism contemporary realism Contemporary Realism Neorealism structural realism and security neorealists Chapter 5 and 7 in the textbook Third image in Waltz Five differences with more classical or traditional realism 1 Inductive to deductive theory structure of system 2 Wider definitions of power 3 Anarchy defines all state behavior 4 Less emphasis on self interest and other aspects of human behavior 5 Rational choice emphasis Level 1 analysis assumes we know all our options assign values to options maximize benefits and minimize costs Security Neorealists John Mearsheimer The Tragedy of Great Power 2002 Three Realisms 1 Classical or Morgenthau s realism 2 Defensive or Structural States must behavior defensively to maintain power Goal is absolute Power maintain balance of power o How do you measure balance of power You can t uncertain system Security maximizers 3 Offensive realism Sates look for opportunities to gain power at the expensive of rivals Goal is relative and absolute power Power maximizers Less inclined to be cooperative For defensive realists the international structure provides states with little incentive to seek additional increments of power instead it pushes them to maintain the existing balance of power Preserving power rather than increasing it is the main goal of states Offensive realists seek to enhance power at the expense of rivals A state s ultimate goal is to be the hegemon in the system Mearsheimer Assumptions 1 Anarchy No common power 2 Great powers have enough offensive power to hurt or destroy each other What defines a great power 3 No state can be certain about the intentions of other states 4 Survival is the primary goal of great powers 5 Great powers are rational actors Ronald Reagan 1 Make soviet system obsolete 2 Soviet leaders When you attack the US Day before they complete the system Survival is a primary goal US could take us over Realist perspective only great powers matter small powers don t matter Structural Realists Focus on system structure and balance of power Compete to gain power at the expense of others or at least not to make certain they do not lose power Nature of system makes them do this to survive Stateism self help survival Competition of power fight each other to survive Defensive Realists System structure limits how much power can be gained Security maximizers Offensive Realists System structure encourages states to be power maximizers Pursuer hegemony For better or worse liberal institutional theory is a half sibling of neorealism Keohane and Martin Neo liberalism or neo institutionalism in order to respond to anarchy by creating institutions to manage the system Anarchic world in trade o How do you control trade How do you prevent states from going to war over trade After WW2 creation of the Bretton Woods system General Agreements of Tariffs and Trade IMF World Bank o Neomercantilism Read chapter 6 and 7 Liberalism is a very broad category a variety of traditions 1 Commercial Bentham Smith and Cobden Capitalism as a utopian system Peace through trade open system 2 Republican Kant Peace through strength Strength is in democracy democratic peace Not military strength Strong democratic states 3 Sociological Karl Deutsch Security communities Building communities by integration International society NATO EU in terms of trade Communities due to linkages and interactions Grotian pluralist English school view of the international system 4 Neo Liberal Institutionalism Integrationists regimes functionalism Functionalism cooperation involves more than just unity choosing something very functional not just world peace and easy to cooperate in coal and steel Cooperation bargaining Managing interdependence and globalization 2nd Worldview Category Grotian Reformers Pratt and Stokke o Liberal internationalists spreading capitalism around the world Washington consensus over the Beijing consensus Abide by the rules of the IMF World Bank etc