IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 24 Current LectureA Morgenthau foreign policy sextant:- Moderation, prudence, and not universal morality- Prudence: your foreign policy should be about weighing your options and choosing the path with the least blood and money spent, and always keeping your national interest in mindHans Morgenthau (1904-1980)- Tried to convince US leaders to embrace world leadership—how to use power- Main problem: need to understand that the political world is all about power- “The desire to dominate is a constituent element of all human associations”- Politics Among Nationso Not a criticism of idealism: trying to develop a theory to explain guide relations between statesIdeas embraced by US leaders No isolation No idealism  Active leadership Using power to secure national interest Confront USSRA few critical ideas:- Human nature: constant, egotistic, self-serving- Political relations: struggle for power- Duality of morality: separate ethics for public and private sphereso One can be ethical if it serves interests and enhances power and security o the states- Separate spheres for human activity - Rejects the “end justifies the means”o If you win doesn’t matter how you win- Ethic of responsibilityo Influenced by Weber  use moral judgment to select most effective and least evilWhat about Morgenthau’s six principles of realism? Tickner’s respose?How would a Grotian respond?- Nature of politics/human natureo We can have a rule based system, people who are rational will discover what to do- National interests defined in terms of power—rational/objectiveo We’re guided by justice, being just in interactions with otherso Rule utilitarian: gaining power in cooperation, power in creating ruleso Cooperation over control over otherso Rule based system that everyone can benefit fromo You have a positive sum view of the worldo Who has power in the UN? One nation, one vote (Kantian) Grotian: okay to have a security council- Power control of man over man/universally valid- Moral-politics tension - Moral actions of state not universal—pursuit of power saves us from moral excesso Categorical imperativeo No universal principleso Universal rules but also notion of cultural interpretation- Autonomy of political sphereo Economic mano Broader definition of what power and influence is in the systemo Notion of the chess board, chess on multiple tables at the same timeo Have to create rules to govern trade, cultural relations, etc…What are Morgenthau’s six principles of realism and how would a Grotian respond to them?Foundational realism  modern realism  contemporary realismContemporary Realism- Neorealism: structural realism and security neorealists- Chapter 5 and 7 in the textbook- Third image in WaltzFive differences with more classical or traditional realism:1. Inductive to deductive theory: structure of system2. Wider definitions of power3. Anarchy defines all state behavior4. Less emphasis on self-interest and other aspects of human behavior5. Rational choice emphasis- Level 1 analysis: assumes we know all our options, assign values to options, maximize benefits and minimize costsSecurity Neorealists: John Mearsheimer- The Tragedy of Great Power (2002) Three Realisms1. Classical or Morgenthau’s realism2. Defensive or Structural- States must behavior defensively to maintain power - Goal is absolute- Power/maintain balance of powero How do you measure balance of power? You can’t  uncertain system- Security maximizers3. Offensive realism- Sates look for opportunities to gain power at the expensive of rivals- Goal is relative and absolute power- Power maximizers- Less inclined to be cooperative “For defensive realists, the international structure provides states with little incentive to seek additional increments of power; instead it pushes them to maintain the existing balance of power. Preserving power rather than increasing it, is the main goal of states.” “Offensive realists seek to enhance power at the expense of rivals. A state’s ultimate goal is to be the hegemon in the system.” Mearsheimer Assumptions1. Anarchy- No common power2. Great powers have enough offensive power to hurt or destroy each other- What defines a great power3. No state can be certain about the intentions of other states4. Survival is the primary goal of great powers5. Great powers are rational actors Ronald Reagan1. Make soviet system obsolete2. Soviet leaders: When you attack the US?- Day before they complete the system- Survival is a primary goal, US could take us over Realist perspective: only great powers matter, small powers don’t matterStructural Realists- Focus on system structure and balance of power- Compete to gain power at the expense of others or at least not to make certain they do not lose power- Nature of system makes them do this to survive- Stateism, self help, survival- Competition of power = fight each other to surviveDefensive Realists- System structure limits how much power can be gained- Security maximizersOffensive Realists- System structure encourages states to be power maximizers- Pursuer hegemonyFor better or worse liberal institutional theory is a half-sibling of neorealism. -Keohane and Martin- Neo-liberalism or neo-institutionalism: in order to respond to anarchy by creating institutions to manage the system- Anarchic world in tradeo How do you control trade? How do you prevent states from going to war over trade? After WW2  creation of the Bretton Woods system, General Agreements of Tariffs and Trade, IMF, World Banko Neomercantilism- Read chapter 6 and 7Liberalism is a very broad category, a variety of traditions…1. Commercial: Bentham, Smith, and Cobden- Capitalism as a utopian system- Peace through trade/open system2. Republican: Kant- Peace through strength- Strength is in democracy, democratic peace- Not military strength- Strong democratic states3. Sociological: Karl Deutsch- Security communities- Building communities by integration- International society: NATO, EU (in terms of trade)- Communities due to linkages and interactions- Grotian, pluralist, English school view of the international system4. (Neo) Liberal Institutionalism- Integrationists/regimes/functionalism- Functionalism: cooperation involves more than just unity, choosing something very functional