IR 210 1st Edition Lecture 7 Current LectureWar made the state, and the state made war. -Charles Tilly-States go to war to create new statesThe pessimist complains about the wind; the optimist expects it to change; the realist adjusts the sails-WM. Arthur Ward1. Views of the international system2. Actors: states, IOs, ROs3. Inside the state: political structure and power maps4. Political Cultures5. Security State: grand strategies and foreign policy (Andrew Basavich)6. ControversiesViews of the International SystemI. Maintainer/Realist Perspectivea. Dominant perspectiveb. Sees the world as a threat and self-help system, don’t rely on any body elsec. Lieber’s Threei. Anarchy  no common power1. No central power that’s in charge, nobody to tell you what to do, states will look out for own interests2. States will have strong militaries3. Security dilemma: as you build your security, you increase the insecurity of others  they build up their security  arms raceii. Constraints  formal and informal1. Informal: political culture, Russia, China2. Formal: international lawiii. Search for order  hegemony, BOPO, concert & some form of regime governance1. Hegemonic state2. Bounds of Power: Soviet Union and US3. Concert: 4 or 5 countries running things, 18154. Regime governanced. Any system that enhances power and helps secure national interestsi. What kind of system does US want? Hegemony (allows us to do whatever we want)ii. We don’t like regime governance, we would have to give up a lot of national intereste. Great powers matter most and run the systemi. UN: Should the world intervene in Syria?ii. Security Council: made up of great powersiii. R2P: we have responsibility to protect, rebuild states (Libya), formal constraintf. Chances for cooperation?g. Rousseau’s Stag Hung Metaphori. Problem with cooperation in the international systemii. Given the chance even though they have an informal/formal agreement, they will take ith. Maintainer: English school/pluralist (Hedley Bull)i. Anarchical Society: treaties, traditions and practices provide order and rules that govern system1. We have become ore sophisticated, there are respected behaviors, sovereign territoryi. Neoliberal View of System: states governed by market interactions and by regional and global regimes and institutionsi. Institutions: WTO ii. Rare Earth issue: we didn’t invade China, instead we went to the WTOiii. Exam Question: series of problems, find international organization for the problem, what does the WTO do?j. Realist/English School (Anarchical Society)/Neoliberal View (biggest challenge to realism)II. Reform Internationalists/Grotian a. Middle Powers and Many Small States: trading states and leaders in moral areai. Their well-being depends on trading with others, interaction with others to surviveii. Respect rules  reciprocityb. Norm Entrepreneurs: moral police force in international systemi. Good Samaritan states, keep system togetherii. Trying to buy off radical change, don’t want a revolution from the third worldiii. Millennium Development Goals: way to buy things off, prevent radical changec. Niche Diplomacyi. Alliance, NATOii. Trading & Social Democratic (purpose of gov. is to make sure nobody is unfairly advantaged or disadvantaged)iii. Giving aidiv. Inside shapes what they do outsidev. Identity/Reputationd. Ideal Systemi. Rule –based/Reciprocityii. Emphasis on common interestsiii. Society to communityiv. Responsibility to prevent and protectv. Multilateralism  sharing sovereigntyvi. Gain power by association with greater powers, alliances and regional organizationse. What would a realist say to this?f. Similar to Solidarist version of English schooli. Solidarity with entire world communityii. Much more Kantian/Grotian view of the worldIII. What kind of system do Kantian/Transformers seek to create?a. Most idealistic, furthest away from the realistsb. Decentralizei. Don’t want concentration of powers in alliances and major power groupsc. Want global civil society alliances within statesi. Alliances to solve problems in international systemii. International Campaign to Ban Land Minesd. Global community based on core values of social justice, peace, economic well-being, and ecological balanceQuestion: Nature of power distribution in system: Multipolar? Nonpolar?- Cold War: bipolar- After Cold War: hegemony, unipolar- If the system is now non polar, which actors are most important?o Global and regional institutions because they bring actors togethero Or depends on the issue areao Who would you choose to be on your teamo Countries with a strong human rights recordInside the StateI. What do we expect a state to do?a. Defining, redistribution, accumulation of wealthII. What factors shape structure and policy?III. State: control over territory, rule-making authority, legitimate use of forceIV. Giddens: What has made the state apparently irresistible as a political form from the 17thcentury to the present?a. State consolidated and controlled industrial power and used it to go to war and survive (accumulation of wealth activities)b. Expand administration and regulatory power (redistribution/accumulation of wealth activities)c. Control the allocation of resourcesd. Colonialism and globalization spread idea of the European state systemV. Structures and Policya. The nature of a state’s policy activity is determined by political precedents and political cultureb. Five Modelsi. Pluralistic Democracy: all can participateii. Neopluralism: pluralistic in name, but in reality run by elites1. Campaign donationsiii. Corporatism: fascism, government itself is involved in political light, voting as blocksiv. Social Democracy: very interventionary in the market placev. Totalitarianism: government controls every aspect of your lifec. How does globalization shape these systems of order?i. Pushing western liberal ideasii. Conflict between pluralistic democracy and totalitarianism d. When presented with policy problems, how do we respond?i. Globalization makes hiding for political leaders to hideii. Ideas are being diffused through international mediaiii. Market mechanisms: government shouldn’t do anything, let market decide, no intervention1. Citizens should change behavioriv. Structured options: option that is structure to resolve a problem1. Public transportation, carpool lane, no interference on individual rights/freedomv. Biased options: penalties/incentives 1. Tax on driving at a