Earth Sun Relations The Atmosphere p Plane of the Ecliptic Earth Sun Relations Plane of the Ecliptic Sun incidence Sun Angle Angle Equator Equator Sun Angle Angle Mid Latitude Mid Latitude Sun Angle Angle High High Latitude Sun Angle with Latitude Sun incidence Equinox and Solstice Solar latitudes Earth Sun relations Special days S Solstice l ti Sun s S vertical ti l rays are located at the Tropic 23 latitude June 21 22 December 21 22 21 22 Equinox Sun s vertical rays located at th E the Equator t 0o latitude l tit d March 21 22 September 21 22 Highest Sun Lowest Sun Midnight Sun Daylight at Solar latitudes Atmospheric heating Heat is always transferred from warmer to cooler objects Mechanisms of heat transfer Conduction Convection Radiation electromagnetic radiation Mechanisms of heat transfer Figure 16 16 The electromagnetic spectrum Fi Figure 16 16 17 17 The heating g of the atmosphere Figure 16 21 Average distribution of incoming solar radiation Figure 16 19 Proportional volume of gases that compose dry air Figure 16 3 Composition Co pos t o of o the t e atmosphere at osp e e Air is a mixture of gases Major components of clean dry air Nitrogen N 78 O Oxygen O2 21 Argon and other gases Carbon dioxide CO2 0 036 absorbs gy from Earth heat energy Variable components of air Water vapor Aerosols Ozone Dust and aerosols Atmospheric pressure variation with altitude Figure 16 5 Thermal structure of the atmosphere Figure 16 7 Atmospheric layers based on temperature Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere
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