PSYCH 333 2nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 14Lecture 9 (September 19)Introduction to Anxiety DisordersKnow the type of anxiety disorder. Know the biological theory about anxiety disorder.Anxiety disorders-There are five types of anxiety disorders; specific phobia, social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and general anxiety disorder (GAD). Specific phobia is the fear of a specific situation or object. Social anxiety is the fear of being humiliated with a performance-only subtype; anxiety comes out when they have to do public speaking. Panic disorder is the fear of having an unexpected panic attack. Agoraphobia is the fear of anxious symptoms arising and notbeing able to get help. GAD is worry about many things.Biological theory-Genetics plays a 20-40% role in developing an anxiety disorder, and on the macro-anatomy levelthe fear circuit plays a big role in anxiety; the amygdala sees the threat, he medial prefrontal cortex assures the threat or not, and the hippocampus will the to avoid the issue in the future. The HPA-axis activation, fight-or-flight response, cortisol, and adrenaline are all found in neuroendocrine system that plays a role in anxiety.Lecture 10 (September 21)Anxiety Disorder Theories and TreatmentKnow the biological treatment for anxiety. Know the behavioral theory and treatment for anxiety. Know the cognitive theory and treatment for anxiety.Biological treatment-Medication is the first line of treating anxiety disorders. SSRIs are primarily used, benzodiazepines that affect GABA serotonin, and neuro-epinephrine is also used, and beta-blockers that blocks adrenaline in the CNS (used more for panic attacks).Behavioral theory/treatment-Mowrer’s two-model states that classical conditioning initiates the fear and operant conditioning maintains the fear. Specific phobia is a learning fear from evolutionary, social anxiety is the effect from being bullied, and panic disorder stems from interoceptive cues; fluttering heart and shaky hands. Behavioral treatment includes exposure therapy; removing the negative reinforcement, fear hierarchies; dealing with the least feared to the most, relaxation; deep breathing, and biofeedback; monitoring ANS arousal.Cognitive theory/treatment-Cognitive theories are that anxiety comes from negative beliefs about the future, a lack of senseof control where perception is not reality, and the salience of a threat and how threatening it is to the individual. Treatment includes identifying distorted cognitions, information on the possibility of a fear vs. the probability it’ll actually happen, being mindful, and identifying the exposure of the fear to the individual’s emotions.Lecture 11 (September 26)Introduction to OCD and Related DisordersKnow the types of OCD and related disorders. Know the biological theory and treatment for OCD. Know the cognitive and behavioral theories of OCD. Know the cognitive-behavioral treatment for OCD.OCD disorders-There are five types of OCD disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation, hoarding, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Obsessive-compulsive is the combination of intrusive recurring thought (obsessive) and behaviors/mental acts to reduce anxiety (compulsive). Trichotillomania is the recurrent pulling of one’s hair which results in hair loss. Excoriation is the recurrent picking of one’s skin which result in lesions. Hoarding disorder is the acquisition of items and having extreme difficulty discarding of items, regardless of their value. Body dysmorphic disorder is the preoccupation and intrusive thought with imagined defects in appearance.Biological theory/treatment-There is a 50% chance that an OCD disorder can be passed through one’s genes. On the macro-anatomy level the orbitofrontal cortex deals with primitive urges, the caudate nucleus executes the voluntary and goal-direct activity, and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the “gut feeling”or disgust monitor.Cognitive-behavioral theory-From the behavioral perspective OCD is caused by compulsive behaviors being negatively reinforced and creates a vicious cycle; anxiety  compulsion  relief  shame  anxiety. From a cognitive perspective OCD is caused by deficits in “yedasentience”; low levels in memories, illusions of control, and the effect of suppressing one’s thoughts. BDD is cause by thesalience of the physical feature and hoarding is caused by attentional and organizational deficits,distorted belief about importance of possessions, and the salience of the object.Cognitive-behavioral treatment-Cognitive-behavioral treatment involves exposure and response prevention that tries to eliminate the negative reinforcement of the compulsive behaviors and extinct the anxious responses. Cognitive treatments address the cognitive distortion the individual has with either their possessions or their body. Mindfulness-based interventions where the individual lets their thoughts go and is effective for OCD.Lecture 12 (October 1)Introduction to Traumatic DisordersKnow the types of traumatic disorders. Know the neurobiological factors and biological treatment for trauma. Know the psychological factors and treatment for trauma. Know about post-traumatic growth.Traumatic disorders-There are three types of traumatic disorders; PTSD, complex PTSD (CPTSD), and acute stress disorder. PTSD is having flashback or nightmares of a trauma, avoiding internal and external cues, having alterations in mood and cognitions, and being irritable or hyper vigilant. CPTSD is experiencing the symptoms of PTSD without the on-set of a trauma. Acute stress disorder is similar to PTSD but for a shorter period of time.Neurobiological factors/treatment-For traumatic disorders the fear circuitry and hippocampus are active. The fear circuitry is when the amygdala is increased while the PFC is decreased, and the cognitive and memory area of thehippocampus are disturbed along with a smaller hippocampal volume. The treatment includes taking SSRIs or medication for better sleep.Psychological factors/treatment-The psychological factors include the classical conditioning creating the fear and the operant conditioning maintaining the traumatic symptoms. If the individual has poor coping strategies like they avoid the trauma or situation they can be disposed to having a traumatic disorder; also is the individual does not have a good support system or have low levels of intelligence. The psychological treatments