PSYCH 333 2nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 20-25 Lecture 20 (November 12)-Personality DisordersKnow what personality is and how it’s considered a disorder. Know the three clusters. Know paranoid personality disorder. Know schizoid personality disorder. Know schizotypal personality disorder. Know antisocial personality disorder.Personality Disorder- personality is something that is enduring and pervasive, the global view of world, self, and others, it is the general way in which we behave, think, and feel. It becomes a disorder when the inner experiences and behaviors that are marked different from the cultural expectations, they are pervasive but inflexible, stable across time and situations, and causes significant distress and impairment.Clusters- there are three clusters of personality disorders, A, B, and C. Cluster A is the odd/eccentric PDs, symptoms are similar to schizophrenia, including paranoia, inappropriate of flat affect, odd thoughts and speech (paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal). Cluster B is the dramatic/emotional PDs, manipulative, volatile, uncaring in relationships, engages in exaggerated behavior, and are prone to impulsivity (antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic). Cluster C is the anxious/fearful PDs, extreme concern about criticism or abandonment, self-confidence concerns are extremely common (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). Paranoid PD- Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.Schizoid PD- pattern of social detachment from relationships and a restricted range of emotions,this PD does not desire to have close relationships.Schizotypal PD- pattern of interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentricitiesof behavior. This PD shows the strongest relationship to schizophrenia, and this PD wants to have relationships with other but can’t. Theories; there is a genetic overlap with schizophrenia, history of trauma, social isolation/bullying, maladaptive schemas of others/misinterpretation of information.Antisocial PD- pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since the age of 15, this is more common in men. Theories; runs in families, can stem from negativefamily environment, poverty/exposure to violence, fearlessness, impulsivity, and deficits in empathy. There is subtype of antisocial PD called psychopathy, which is lack of emotions.Lecture 21 (November 14)-Personality Disorder (cont)Know the treatment of antisocial PD. Know borderline personality disorder. Know narcissistic personality disorder. Know histrionic personality disorder.Treatment of Antisocial PD- some evidence is efficacy of intensive psychodynamic therapy, but some therapy may make them worse.Borderline PD- pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect; marked impulsivity. Theories; it is 60% heritable, low levels of serotonin, increased activation of the amygdala, low levels of activity in the PFC, structural differences in the PFC, child abuse, inconsistent parenting styles, and the diathesis-stress model. Treatment is the dialectical behavior therapy.Narcissistic PD- pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Theories; narcissism masks fragile self-esteem, cold parenting styles, fragile self-esteem, relying on others for sense of self.Histrionic PD- pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking. Theories; parental seductiveness, being the center of attention to cope with low self-esteem, and needed attentionfromLecture 22 (November 19)-Personality Disorder (cont)Know avoidant personality disorder. Know dependent personality disorder. Know obsessive-compulsive disorder. Know the general approach treatment to cluster C PDs. Know neurodevelopmental disorders. Know ADHD.Avoidant PD- pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negativeevaluation. Theories; genetic plays a role but little is known because individuals with this disorder are reluctant to be interviewed.Dependent PD- pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive/clinging behaviors and fears of separation. Theories; parenting styles that are overprotective, and a little of genetic contribution.Obsessive-Compulsive PD- pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mentaland interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Theories; viewing defects, flaws, and disorders as intolerable.General Treatment- understanding how early childhood experiences that may have shaped personality. Cognitive therapy focuses on areas of rigidity and also behavioral interventions.Neurodevelopmental disorders- deficits early in developmental period either cognitive, social, academic, occupational, etc. ADHD- persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, but must have 6+ symptoms of either inattention and/or hyperactivity and symptoms must present before age 12.Biological theories; ADHD runs in families, there are lower frontal lobe activation/irregularities in the basal ganglia. Biological treatment includes both stimulant and non-stimulant medication.The environmental factors include prenatal/perinatal factors and toxins. The psychological factors include parent-child interactions and parental history of ADHD. Treatment includes parent training and classroom management.Lecture 23 (November 21)-Neurodevelopmental DisordersKnow ADHD in adulthood. Know autism spectrum disorder. Know intellectual disability disorder.ADHD in Adulthood- you cannot develop ADHD as an adult but symptoms can persist. Inattention tends to be more predominant in adults. Treatment for adults include accommodations for school/work, couples counseling, CBT, and stimulant medications.Autism Spectrum Disorder- deficits in social communication/interaction, restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities. Theories; genetics plays a huge role and there is evidence that those with autism have a larger brain between ages 2-4 and there are abnormalities in the cerebellum. Treatments include behavioral therapy and pivotal response treatment.Intellectual Disability Disorder- this was known previously as mental retardation, it’s deficits in intellectual functions (reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, etc.) and deficits in adaptive functioning that