PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Sociocultural FactorsII. Diathesis-Stress ModelIII. ObsessionIV. CompulsionV. Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderVI. TrichotillomaniaVII. Hoarding DisorderVIII. Body Dysmorphic DisorderIX. Biological TheoriesX. Biological TreatmentsXI. Behavioral TheoriesXII. Cognitive TheoriesXIII. Cognitive-Behavioral TreatmentXIV. Other Theories Outline of Current Lecture II. DSM-5 Definition of TraumaIII. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)IV. Associated FeaturesV. Acute Stress DisorderVI. Predisposing FactorsVII. Neurobiological FactorsVIII. Biological TreatmentsIX. Psychological FactorsX. Psychological TreatmentsXI. Treatment Efficacy XII. Complex PTSDXIII. Post-traumatic GrowthCurrent Lecture- DSM-5 Definition of Trauma:o Actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.o Exposure to trauma in one of the following ways. Personal experience. Witnessing the event in person.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Learning of a violent or accidental death of a loved one. Repeated or extreme exposure to aversive detail of the events (other than through media reports).- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):o Intrusion symptoms. Flashbacks, night mares.o Avoidance symptoms. Avoiding of internal (thinking) cues and external (reminders) cues.o Alterations in mood and cognitions. Depression, anxiety, dissociative disorders, difficulty remembering details of the trauma.o Alterations in arousal/reactivity. Irritability, hyperviglance.- Associated Features:o Pseudo-psychotic symptoms.o Emotional lability. Mood shifiting.o Difficulty maintaining relationships.o Increased risk for suicide.o Comorbidities. Depression, anxiety, substance use, and dissociative disorders.- Acute Stress Disorder:o Similar symptoms to PTSD.o Main difference is length of time since the trauma occurred.o PTSD is a longer-term diagnosis (onset more than one month after the trauma).o ASD is a short-term diagnosis (onset within three days to one month of the trauma).- Predisposing Factors:o Severity of the trauma.o Nature of the trauma. Natural vs. human.o History of anxiety disorder.o Neuroticism.o Childhood adversity.o Prior exposure to trauma.o Older age.- Neurobiological Factors:o Fear circuitry. Increased amygdala activation. Decreased activation or prefrontal cortex.o Hippocampus. Cognitive and memory disturbances. Smaller hippocampal volume.- Premorbid hippocampal size.- Impact on hippocampal development.- Biological Treatments:o Medications. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Medication for sleep.o Medications are not seen as the first-line interventions.- Psychological Factors:o Behavioral (learning) theories. Two-factor model. Classical conditioning of initial fear. Operant conditioning maintain symptoms. Ex: mugged outside their apartment.o Coping strategies. Avoidance/dissociation. Intelligence.- People of higher intelligence are less likely to develop PTSD. Social support.- Those with more social support are less like to develop PTSD.- Psychological Treatments:o Cognitive-behavioral therapies. Prolonged exposure. Cognitive processing therapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.- Controversial treatment.o Integrative therapies. Present-centered therapy.- Not trauma-focused.- More humanistic. Seeking safety.- Treatment for PTSD comorbid with substance use disorder.- Treatment Efficacy:o Trauma-focused treatment seem to work best.o Medications can help manage symptoms in the short-term and help the client engage in therapy.o Psychotherapy is the most effective long-term treatment.o Some treatments may actually be harmful. Psychological debriefing.o Risks of trauma-focused treatments.- Complex PTSD:o Not a DSM-5 diagnosis.o PTSD symptoms without an event that meet the DSM-5 criteria for a trauma. Ex: emotional abuse, neglect. Attachment traumas.o Similar neurobiological response.o Should the definition of trauma be extended?- Post-traumatic Growth:o Improvement in psychological functioning following a traumatic experience.o More common than PTSD.o Changes may include: Greater appreciation of or satisfaction with life. Close/more meaningful relationships. Pursuit of new goals/values. Greater spirituality.o Role of expression, openness to experience, and