PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Genetics Mental Illness is Inherited II Behavior Genetics III Neuroscience Neurobiology IV Neuro Anatomy V Neurons VI Types of Neurotransmitter VII Neurotransmitter and Psychopathology VIII Neuroendocrine System IX Cross Paradigms X Diathesis Stress Model Outline of Current Lecture II What is a Diagnosis III Reliability and Validity IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM V Cultural Considerations VI How are Diagnosis Made VII Cultural Considerations part two Current Lecture What is a Diagnosis o Symptom observable state behavior o Syndrome constellation of symptoms that co vary no etiology cause o Disorder ruled out some possibilities no etiology cause o Disease symptoms with known etiology o Categorical vs dimensional Dimensional on a spectrum Categorical severe to non severe o Why diagnose Understand distressing impairing symptoms Communicate with other clinicians researchers Match treatment to disorder Reliability and validity o Reliability consistency of measures These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Example a scale that is exactly 5lbs off o Validity what are we measuring Example scale to measure density o Types of reliability Internal consistency Pointing to the same thing o Questionnaire Inter rater Reliability across raters o Diagnosis Test retest Reliability across time o Height Alternate form Reliability across different forms of the same thing o Tests o Types of validity Content Information on what we want to measure Criterion An external source that should match what we are trying to measure Concurrent o Validity with two points at the same time Predictive o Validity across two points in time Construct Not tangible and not directly measure what we want to measure Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM o Currently in the 5th edition o Lists all current mental disorders symptoms associated features prevalence rates etc o Alternate diagnostic ICD more common if you work in a physical health Cultural Considerations o Prevalence rates of most disorders vary across different cultural groups o Factors associated with cultures can be protective or predispose an individual o Cultural context of symptoms Example belief in demon possession o Variations in symptom presentation across cultures o Culture bound disorders Example Taijin kyofusho What are some steps clinicians take to reduce bias when diagnosing individuals from minority culture Keep an open mind take the culture into consideration Criticisms of the DSM Diagnosis o Numbers of diagnoses Comorbidity between diagnoses o Categorical rather than a dimensional classification o Reliability of diagnosis in practice o Are diagnostic categories valid o Stigma associated with mental health diagnoses o Diagnosis changes our schemas of a person How are diagnosis made o Clinical interviews o Self report measures Checklist Questionnaires o Behavioral observation o Self monitoring o Personality test Objective Projective o Neuropsychological tests Intelligence Achievement Executive functioning Performance o Neuroimaging o EEG o CT o MRI o fMRI Cultural considerations o Administering the assessments in client s native language o Content of items is often culture specific o Different language interpretation can lead to over pathologizing o Impact of racism stress Stereotype threat
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