PSYCH 333 2nd Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 15 19 Lecture 15 October 17 Schizophrenia Know the symptoms of schizophrenia Know the genetic causes and the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia Know the biological treatments Know the environmental causes Know the psychological social factors and the psychosocial treatment SymptomsThere are three categories of symptoms in schizophrenia positive negative and disorganized motor symptoms Positive symptoms are things that shouldn t be there but are this includes delusions unrealistic beliefs firmly held despite disconfirming evidence and hallucinations perception with sensory stimulation Negative symptoms are things that should be there but aren t this includes lack of motivation social interest positive affect emotional range and words Disorganized motor symptoms include disorganized speech disorganized behavior and cataonia Genetic causes NeuroanatomyGenetics play a big role in developing schizophrenia the closer the relative is to an individual the chances of that individual developing schizophrenia increases Dopamine serotonin GABA and glutamate are all affected by schizophrenia but there is no schizophrenia gene In schizophrenia the individual shows enlarged ventricles prefrontal cortex dysregulation reduced cortical volume in the temporal love and reduced volume in the basal ganglia hippocampus and other structures in the limbic system Biological TreatmentThe main biological treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication first and second generation first generation blocks D2 receptors and second generation have an impact of dopamine and serotonin receptors Environmental causesEnvironmental causes can come from complications during birth pregnancy where the child experiences hypoxia lack of oxygen to the brain or if the mother has a maternal infection also if the child used cannabis during their adolescent years Psychological Social factors TreatmentSome psychological and social factors that play a role in developing schizophrenia include one s reactivity to stress their socioeconomic status SES and their family relationship mainly if their family displays a lot of discord Psychosocial treatment includes psychoeducation social skills training family therapy cognitive behavioral therapy cognitive remediation case management and residential treatment Lecture 16 October 22 Eating Disorders Know the types of eating disorders Know the biological factors and treatment Know the cognitive behavioral factors TypesThere are three types of eating disorders anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder Anorexia nervosa is restrictive behaviors along with weight loss a fear of being fat a distorted body image and the individual is extremely underweight Bulimia nervosa is recurrent frequent bingeing and purging afterward but the individual has a normal weight for their height or age Biological factors TreatmentEating disorders tend to run in families so genetics play a role in developing an eating disorder In the brain the hypothalamus endogenous opioids BN and BED and dopamine are all involved in an eating disorder The treatments include medication such as antidepressants and Prozac Cognitive Behavioral factorsFor anorexia and bulimia the cognitive factors are the same they have a fear of being fat a distorted body perception a drive for thinness and dissatisfaction with their body For anorexia the behavioral factor is the reinforcement of weight loss and their restricting behaviors but bulimia it is the role of restrictive dieting and failing Lecture 17 October 24 Eating Disorders cont Know the cognitive behavioral therapy Know the sociocultural factors Know about prevention Know the other factors involved Cognitive Behavioral TherapyCognitive therapy includes challenging one s assumptions about eating and their own body image and trying to change their all or nothing thinking Behaviorally they want the patient to identify their triggers develop normal eating patterns prevent purging provide relaxation technique and assess assertive skills Sociocultural factorsSociocultural factors include one s cultural standards and idea of beauty their gender and the objectification of their gender stereotype and ethnicity White and Latino women are more likely to have an eating disorder than Black women Prevention Prevention can include knowledge about the disorder examining the individual s sociocultural influences and watch for early risk factors like body dissatisfaction and early dieting Other factorsOther factors in eating disorder include the individual s personality type if they are a perfectionist introvert and very agreeable One s family rigidity discord and hostility can also play a role in developing an eating disorder Lecture 18 October 29 Substance Abuse Disorder Know what substance use disorder is Know the alcohol intoxication and withdrawal symptoms are Know how it works Know the physiological consequences of alcohol abuse Know the psychological and physiological effects of cannabis Know the intoxication and withdrawal symptoms of cannabis Know how cannabis works Know what an opioid is Know the effects Know the intoxication and withdrawal symptoms of opioids Know opioids works Substance UseSubstance use becomes a disorder when despite the harm or dysfunction the individual continues to use the substance they are unable to meet obligations put themselves in physical danger relationships problems and give up hobbies and social activities Alcohol intoxication and withdrawalThe intoxication symptoms include slurred speech loss of coordination nystagmus impairment in attention concentration and judgment and stupor coma The withdrawal symptoms include agitation insomnia nausea tremors hallucinations delirium and seizures How alcohol worksAlcohol stimulate GABA receptors inhibits the glutamate receptors and has an increased level of serotonin and dopamine Physiological consequencesThe physiological consequences of alcohol include B complex deficiency liver damage pancreatitis and cardiovascular diseases Psychological and physiological effects of cannabisThe psychological effects include relaxation social disinhibition emotional lability paranoia panic and hallucinations perceptual disturbances The physiological effects include bloodshot eyes dry mouth and throat increased appetite hypertension and reduced ocular tension Intoxication and withdrawal symptoms of cannabisThe intoxication symptoms include conjunctional injection