PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture II. Research BasicsIII. Case StudyIV. Correlation DesignV. Experimental DesignVI. Meta-Analysis Outline of Current Lecture II. Mood DisordersIII. Depressive DisordersIV. Bipolar DisordersV. Major Depressive DisorderVI. Persistent Depressive DisorderVII. Subtypes of Depressive DisordersVIII. Etiology of Depression – BiologyIX. Biological TreatmentCurrent Lecture- Mood Disorders:o What is mood? A feeling that happens and last over time.o When does mood become abnormal? When it starts interfering with one’s day-to-day life, it lasts for a really long time, and can be harmful to one’s self.- Depressive disorders:o Major depressive disorder.o Persistent depressive disorder.o Premenstrual depressive.o Disruptive mood deregulation.- Bipolar disorders:o Bipolar I disorder.o Bipolar II disorder.o Cyclothymic disorder.- Think-pair-share:o What is depression? Feeling sad for a long period of time, lack of interest in fun activities, negative thoughts, and lack of care for one’s health.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Major Depressive Disorder:o Emotional symptoms; depressed mood, lack of interest/loss of pleasure, feeling of guilt/worthlessness/hopelessness.o Cognitive symptoms; difficulty concentrating/making decision, suicidal ideation/thoughts of death.o Somatic/behavioral symptoms; sleep disruption, appetite, disruption, changes in motor activity, fatigue.o Symptoms last for at least two weeks.o Course of Major Depressive Disorder. Episodic. Most common age of onset is early 20s. Severity of symptoms typically diminishes with time.o Prevalence. The most common mental disorder – 16-20% of the population will meet this criteria for MDD at some point in their lives.o Associated features. High mortality rate – not just due to suicide. HPA-axis activation.- Persistent Depressive Disorder:o Same symptoms as MDD. Pure Dysthymic – fewer symptoms than MDD. Chronic MDD – same number of symptoms as MDD.o Symptoms persist for at least two years.o Main difference is the course of the disorder: chronic vs. episodic.o Typical age of onset in earlier – late childhood/early adolescence.o More likely to have sleep abnormalities than in MDD.- Subtypes of Depressive Disorder:o Atypical features; mood reactivity, increased appetite, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis.o Melancholic features; loss of pleasure, profound despondency, early morning awakening, loss of appetite, psychomotor agitation, guilt, symptoms are worse inthe morning.o Anxious distress; anxious symptoms; restlessness, worry, fear, tense.o Psychotic features; hallucinations and/or delusions; congruency with mood.o Seasonal pattern.o Peripartum onset, depression right around the end of pregnancy or shortly after birth.- Etiology of Depression – Biology:o Genetics: MDD is 35-40% heritable.o Macro-anatomy. Dorsolateral PFC – emotion regulation, concentration, rumination (thinking about a negative thought over and over again). Amygdala – overactive; rumination, fear. Hippocampus – context-dependent learning inhibited. ACC – emotional pain/distress.o Microanatomy. Serotonin. Dopamine. Norepinephrine.o Neuroendocrine system. HPA-axis activation. Role of cortisol in somatic symptoms. Impact of cortisol on hippocampus.- Biological Treatments:o Antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I). Tricyclic antidepressants. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS). Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIS). Bupropion (dopamine norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors).o Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).o Light therapy (for MDD with seasonal
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