PSYCH 333 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to Abnormal PsychologyOutline of Current Lecture II. What’s a Paradigm?III. Psychological ParadigmsIV. Modern Psychodynamic ApproachesV. Impact of Psychodynamics TheoriesVI. Humanistic TheoriesVII. Existential TheoriesVIII. Impact of Humanistic/Existential TheoryIX. Behavioral TheoriesX. Impact of Behavioral TheoryXI. Cognitive ApproachesXII. Impact of Cognitive TheoriesXIII. Cognitive-Behavioral TheoryCurrent Lecture- What is a paradigm?o Conceptual/theoretically-based framework for understanding mental illness.o Meant to improve objectivity; we need to understand people in their culture.o No one paradigm completely explain human behavior.- Psychological paradigms:o Psychoanalytic theory: Brief overview of Freud’s theory.- Structure of the unconscious: Id (impulsive/primal area), Ego (interactive area), Super-ego (conscious/moral area).- Psycho-sexual stage of development.- Sex and aggression. What is the cause of mental illness?:- Unconscious conflicts.- Maladaptive defense mechanisms.- Fixation/regression.- Importance of early childhood experiences.- Modern Psychodynamic Approaches:o Ego psychology:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Focus on the role of the ego. Mental Illness is caused by dysfunctional ego.- Unable to delay gratification, inadequate of defense mechanisms.o Object-relations theory: Object = symbolic representation of person. Introjection = incorporation of these objects into individual’s personality. Mental illness is due to an inability to effectively integrate objects.o Interpersonal perspective: Humans are social creatures – relationships are important to us. Development of maladaptive behaviors to cope with interpersonal environment (esp. childhood). Erikson – new stages of development focused on interpersonal conflicts (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).o Attachment theory: Importance of early childhood experiences with primary caregiver(s). Secure vs. insecure attachment.- Impact of psychodynamic theories:o Unconscious motives, defense mechanisms.o Importance of early childhood experiences.o Abnormal behaviors as exaggerations of normal defenses.o Focus on childhood psychological development.o Importance on interpersonal relationships.o Transference/counter-transference. People take their relationships from mom and dad, and transfer it onto others.- Humanistic theories:o Focus on conscious processes.o Human nature is basically good.o Examine role of love, hope, creativity, values, meaning, and personal growth.o Mental illness arises when the person encounters a threat or obstacle to growth/self-actualization. People innately grow to be the perfect-self and mental illness is when something stops them from reaching their personal goal. - Existential theories:o Strongly based in philosophy.o Basically, less optimistic humanistic theory.o Life is inherently meaningless – we must construct our own meaning.o Existential anxiety – arises due to awareness to our inevitable death and the meaninglessness of life.o Mental illness is a failure to adequately cop with existential anxiety.- Impact of humanistic/existential theory:o Client-focused.o Greater importance of individual’s values.o Basic therapeutic skills brought to the forefront: Empathy. Unconditional positive regard. Genuineness.o Focus on conscious/present-centered processes.- Behavioral theories:o Classical conditioning: Pavlov Based on associative learning.- Taking an innate response with a neutral stimulus. Example: Little Albert.o Operant conditioning: Punishment and reward to shape behavior. Positive and negative. B.F. Skinner and rats.o Observational learning: Bobo doll experiment.o Application of operant conditioning: Positive does not mean good; it means adding something. Negative does not mean bad; it mean removing something. Reinforcement means increasing a behavior. Punishment means decreasing a behavior. Positive reinforcement, means adding something to increase behavior.- Johnny gets a cookie every time he picks up his toys. Negative reinforcement, means removing something to increase behavior.- Johnny does not have to do the dishes if he picks up his toys. Positive punishment, means adding something to decrease behavior.- Johnny gets scolded if he leaves his toys on the floor. Negative punishment, means removing something to decrease behavior.- Johnny loses TV privileges if he doesn’t pick up his toys.- Impact of behavioral theory:o Maladaptive learning, or failure to learn, as the cause mental illness.o Reaction to psychodynamic approaches – external focus, rather than internal.o Specific techniques can be applied to treat symptoms of mental illness.o Applications for children, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders.- Cognitive approaches:o Schemas and cognitive distortions. Expectations about self, world, and future. Self-schemas – how we define ourselves. Assimilation vs. accommodation.- Assimilate, we change the information to fit our schema.- Accommodation, we change our schema based on new information. Biased schemas in mental illness.o Attributions: How we understand cause and effect. Self-serving bias.- Good things happen because I’m a good person; bad things happen because of someone else.- Depression is the exact opposite; good things happen because of outside factors, and bad things happen because I’m a bad person.- We look at others attributions that if something bad happens to them it’s because they’re a bad person.- Impact of cognitive theories:o We spend lots of our life thinking. Addresses a basic/fundamental human experience.o Focus on conscious internal events.o Reliance of self-report (cannot observe thoughts).o Computer learning/ AI.- Cognitive-behavioral theory:o Integration of cognitive and behavioral/learning theories.o Most common paradigm/approach to understanding and treating mental illness.- Charles is depressed and will not get out of bed, explain from the cognitive perspective:o From a cognitive perspective Charles is depressed because his schema is that he views himself as a bad person and that only good things happen to him based off luck and