PSYCH 333 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Outline of Current Lecture II What s a Paradigm III Psychological Paradigms IV Modern Psychodynamic Approaches V Impact of Psychodynamics Theories VI Humanistic Theories VII Existential Theories VIII Impact of Humanistic Existential Theory IX Behavioral Theories X Impact of Behavioral Theory XI Cognitive Approaches XII Impact of Cognitive Theories XIII Cognitive Behavioral Theory Current Lecture What is a paradigm o Conceptual theoretically based framework for understanding mental illness o Meant to improve objectivity we need to understand people in their culture o No one paradigm completely explain human behavior Psychological paradigms o Psychoanalytic theory Brief overview of Freud s theory Structure of the unconscious Id impulsive primal area Ego interactive area Super ego conscious moral area Psycho sexual stage of development Sex and aggression What is the cause of mental illness Unconscious conflicts Maladaptive defense mechanisms Fixation regression Importance of early childhood experiences Modern Psychodynamic Approaches o Ego psychology These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Focus on the role of the ego Mental Illness is caused by dysfunctional ego Unable to delay gratification inadequate of defense mechanisms o Object relations theory Object symbolic representation of person Introjection incorporation of these objects into individual s personality Mental illness is due to an inability to effectively integrate objects o Interpersonal perspective Humans are social creatures relationships are important to us Development of maladaptive behaviors to cope with interpersonal environment esp childhood Erikson new stages of development focused on interpersonal conflicts e g trust vs mistrust o Attachment theory Importance of early childhood experiences with primary caregiver s Secure vs insecure attachment Impact of psychodynamic theories o Unconscious motives defense mechanisms o Importance of early childhood experiences o Abnormal behaviors as exaggerations of normal defenses o Focus on childhood psychological development o Importance on interpersonal relationships o Transference counter transference People take their relationships from mom and dad and transfer it onto others Humanistic theories o Focus on conscious processes o Human nature is basically good o Examine role of love hope creativity values meaning and personal growth o Mental illness arises when the person encounters a threat or obstacle to growth self actualization People innately grow to be the perfect self and mental illness is when something stops them from reaching their personal goal Existential theories o Strongly based in philosophy o Basically less optimistic humanistic theory o Life is inherently meaningless we must construct our own meaning o Existential anxiety arises due to awareness to our inevitable death and the meaninglessness of life o Mental illness is a failure to adequately cop with existential anxiety Impact of humanistic existential theory o Client focused o Greater importance of individual s values o Basic therapeutic skills brought to the forefront Empathy Unconditional positive regard Genuineness o Focus on conscious present centered processes Behavioral theories o Classical conditioning Pavlov Based on associative learning Taking an innate response with a neutral stimulus Example Little Albert o Operant conditioning Punishment and reward to shape behavior Positive and negative B F Skinner and rats o Observational learning Bobo doll experiment o Application of operant conditioning Positive does not mean good it means adding something Negative does not mean bad it mean removing something Reinforcement means increasing a behavior Punishment means decreasing a behavior Positive reinforcement means adding something to increase behavior Johnny gets a cookie every time he picks up his toys Negative reinforcement means removing something to increase behavior Johnny does not have to do the dishes if he picks up his toys Positive punishment means adding something to decrease behavior Johnny gets scolded if he leaves his toys on the floor Negative punishment means removing something to decrease behavior Johnny loses TV privileges if he doesn t pick up his toys Impact of behavioral theory o Maladaptive learning or failure to learn as the cause mental illness o Reaction to psychodynamic approaches external focus rather than internal o Specific techniques can be applied to treat symptoms of mental illness o Applications for children anxiety disorders depression and substance use disorders Cognitive approaches o Schemas and cognitive distortions Expectations about self world and future Self schemas how we define ourselves Assimilation vs accommodation Assimilate we change the information to fit our schema Accommodation we change our schema based on new information Biased schemas in mental illness o Attributions How we understand cause and effect Self serving bias Good things happen because I m a good person bad things happen because of someone else Depression is the exact opposite good things happen because of outside factors and bad things happen because I m a bad person We look at others attributions that if something bad happens to them it s because they re a bad person Impact of cognitive theories o We spend lots of our life thinking Addresses a basic fundamental human experience o Focus on conscious internal events o Reliance of self report cannot observe thoughts o Computer learning AI Cognitive behavioral theory o Integration of cognitive and behavioral learning theories o Most common paradigm approach to understanding and treating mental illness Charles is depressed and will not get out of bed explain from the cognitive perspective o From a cognitive perspective Charles is depressed because his schema is that he views himself as a bad person and that only good things happen to him based off luck and chance versus his belief that he is a good person o From a psychodynamic perspective he is depressed because he had bad negative relationships with other people or that it is an inappropriate defense mechanism o From a humanistic existential perspective he is depressed because he had a goal but there was a set back that stopped him from reaching self actualization or that he has yet to find