PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Amphetamines/methamphetaminesII. Theories and TreatmentOutline of Current Lecture II. What is PersonalityIII. Personality DisorderIV. Cluster A: Odd EccentricV. Cluster B: Dramatic EmotionalCurrent Lecture- What is Personality:o Enduring and pervasive.o Global view of world, self, and others.o General way in which we behave, think, and feel.o What makes us unique.o What is a trait? Specific aspect of personality.- Personality Disorder:o Inner experiences and behaviors that are markedly different from cultural expectations.o Pervasive and inflexible.o Onset in adolescence or early adulthood.o Stable across time and situations.o Causes significant distress and impairment.o Clusters: Cluster A: Odd – Eccentric.- Symptoms similar to schizophrenia, including paranoia, inappropriate of flat affect, odd thoughts and speech. Maintain grasp on reality (pass reality testing). Cluster B: Dramatic – Emotional.- Manipulative, volatile, uncaring in relationships. Engage in exaggerated behavior. Prone to impulsivity. Cluster C: Anxious – Fearful.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Extreme concern about criticism or abandonment. Self-confidenceconcerns are common.- Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders:o Paranoid personality disorder. Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.- Suspects others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them.- Preoccupied with thoughts that friends are disloyal or untrustworthy.- Reluctant to confide in others for fear that the information will be used against them.- Misinterprets benign remarks or events as demeaning or threatening.- Persistently bears grudges.- Perceives attacks on character/reputation and is quick to react.- Recurrent suspicions that partner is cheating on them. Associated features.- Weakest relationship to schizophrenia out of all the cluster A subtypes.- Excessive need for autonomy, “lone wolf.”- Many have a history of bullying.- May be overly litigious.- Cultural considerations.o Make sure suspiciousness in NOT culturally normative or a reaction to marginalization, discrimination, language, barriers, etc.o Schizoid personality disorder. Pattern of social detachment from relationships and a restricted range of emotions.- Does not desire/enjoy close relationships.- Almost always choose solitary activities.- Little/no interest in sexual experiences.- Takes pleasure in few/no activities.- Lacks close friends/confidants.- Appears indifferent to praise and criticism.- Shows emotional coldness, detachment, flat affect. Associated features.- Moderate relationship to negative symptoms of schizophrenia.- May have difficulty expressing anger, even when provoked.- May work well in isolation.- May appear “listless” without goals or motivation.- Need to differentiate from “emotional freezing.o Immigrants; move from rural to urban setting.o Schizotypal personality disorder. Pattern of interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationship as well as cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.- Ideas of reference.- Odd beliefs/magical thinking that influence behavior and is inconsistent with cultural norms.- Unusual perceptual experiences.- Odd thinking and speech.- Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.- Inappropriate on constricted affect.- Odd, eccentric, or peculiar behavior/appearance.- Lack of close friends/confidants.- Excessive social anxiety. Associated features.- Strongest relationships to schizophrenia.o Some believe it is a mild form of schizophrenia.- May have brief psychotic experiences.- Stable, does not appear to ameliorate over time.- History of teasing; likely due to being perceived as “odd.”- Must consider cultural norms when diagnosing.o Theories: Genetics.- Genetic overlap with schizophrenia (esp. schizotypal PD). History of trauma. Social isolation/bullying. Cognitive theories.- Esp. for paranoid PD.- Maladaptive schemas of others.- Misinterpretation of information.- Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorder:o Antisocial personality disorder. Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15.- Repeatedly breaking the law.- Deceitfulness, lying, conning others.- Impulsivity.- Irritability and aggressiveness.- Disregard for safety of self and others.- Irresponsibility (e.g. unreliable employment, financial instability).- Lack of remorse. Associated features.- More commonly diagnosed in men.- Often comorbid with substance use disorder.- High risk for violent death by accident or suicide.- Symptoms seem to ameliorate over time.- Low levels of arousability (fearlessness).- Low threshold for boredom.- History of physical abuse. Theories.- Genetics.o Runs in families; twin adoption studies.- Family environment.o High negativity, low warmth, and inconsistency.o History of abuse.- Poverty and exposure to violence.- Fearlessness.o Low emotional reactivity; low ANS activity.o Effects on learning.o Psychopathy. Also known as sociopathy; different from antisocial PD. Poverty of emotions – shame, empathy. Superficial charm. Lack of remorse. Grandiose sense of self. Tendency toward boredom; thrill-seeking. Deceitfulness and manipulative. Law breaking.