PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Mood DisordersII. Depressive DisordersIII. Bipolar DisordersIV. Major Depressive DisorderV. Persistent Depressive DisorderVI. Subtypes of Depressive DisordersVII. Etiology of Depression – BiologyVIII. Biological TreatmentOutline of Current Lecture II. Etiology of Depression – CBTIII. CBI TreatmentIV. Etiology of Depression – Interpersonal FactorsV. Interpersonal Treatments of DepressionVI. Comparing Effectiveness of Treatments for Depressive DisordersVII. Bipolar DisorderVIII. Mania vs. Hyper-ManiaIX. Bipolar DisordersX. Comparing the Different DisordersXI. SubtypesXII. Etiology of Bipolar - BiologyCurrent Lecture- Etiology of Depression – CBT:o Beck’s negative triad: self, world, and future. Acquisition of negative schemas in childhood through experience. Lead to cognitive biases.o Hopelessness. Based on attributions. Stable and global negative attributions.o Rumination theory. Dwelling on negative events.o Operant conditioning. Lack of reinforcement with excessive punishment.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- CBI Treatment:o Cognitive techniques. Identify and alter maladaptive thoughts. Promote realistic and positive thoughts about the self, world, and future.o Behavioral activation. Engage in pleasurable activities. Adding positive reinforcements into the person’s life.o Mindfulness. Detachment from depressing thoughts. Effective for relapse prevention. Paying attention to the present or past.- Etiology of Depression – Interpersonal Factors:o Many people, up to 67%, with depression experience a major life stressor prior to the onset of MDE.o Most common stressors are interpersonal. Family, marital discord, end of relationship, or loss of employment.o Expressed emotion. Excessive reassurance seeking.o Physiological and psychological effects of loneliness.- Interpersonal Treatments of Depression:o Couples or family counseling.o Interpersonal psychotherapy. Examines role transitions along with interpersonal conflicts. Processing emotion. Problem-solving. Teaching interpersonal skills.o May be particularly effective for persistent depressive disorder.- Comparing Effectiveness of Treatments for Depressive Disorders:o Medication and psychotherapy (alone) are about equally effective.o Combination of psychotherapy and medication is the more effective.o Medications lead to faster symptom reduction, it works quicker.o Psychotherapy is more effective than medication, if treated by either/or.- Bipolar Disorder:o What is mania? Elevated, happy or irritated, mood. Increased activity and energy. Goal-directed activity/psychomotor. Talkativeness/rapid speech/pressure speech. Flight of ideas.- Mania vs. Hyper-mania:o Mania. Symptoms persist longer (at least one week). Greater distress/impairment. May have psychosis.o Hyper-mania. Symptoms last for at least four days. Changes in function, but impairment is not significant. No psychosis.- Bipolar Disorders:o Bipolar I. Meets criteria for a manic episode.o Bipolar II. Meets criteria for MDE. Meets criteria for hyper-mania.o Cyclothymia. Alternating mild depression and hyper-mania for 2 years.- Comparing the Different Disorders:o Types of mood episodes. Episodic vs. chronic (duration and reoccurrence of symptoms). Levels of impairment.- Subtypes:o Same as MDD Melancholic features can only be occurring.o Rapid cycling.o Seasonal pattern.o Mixed features. 3 manic symptoms during a MDE of three depressive symptoms during (hypo) mania.- Etiology of Bipolar – Biology:o Genetics. 80-90% heritability.o Macro-anatomy. Similar to MDD. During mania the reward system is overactiveo Microanatomy. Deficits in the cell membranes of neurons. Oversensitivity to