PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. What’s a Paradigm?II. Psychological ParadigmsIII. Modern Psychodynamic ApproachesIV. Impact of Psychodynamics TheoriesV. Humanistic TheoriesVI. Existential TheoriesVII. Impact of Humanistic/Existential TheoryVIII. Behavioral TheoriesIX. Impact of Behavioral TheoryX. Cognitive ApproachesXI. Impact of Cognitive TheoriesXII. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory Outline of Current Lecture II. Genetics; Mental Illness is Inherited.III. Behavior Genetics.IV. Neuroscience/Neurobiology.V. Neuro-Anatomy.VI. Neurons.VII. Types of Neurotransmitter.VIII. Neurotransmitter and Psychopathology.IX. Neuroendocrine System.X. Cross-Paradigms.XI. Diathesis-Stress Model.Current Lecture- Genetics; Mental Illness is Inherited.o Gene: contains DNA.o Allele: different forms of the same gene (eye color, hair color).o Chromosome: collections of genes.o DNA  gene  chromosomeo Genotype = what is contained in our DNA.o Phenotype = what is expressed.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Recessive genes. Can contain mental illness.- Behavior Genetics:o Almost all behavior is polygenic. Comes from multiple genes.o Heritability. Extent to which behavior is determined by genetics. Range from 0-100.o Environmental causes. Shared vs. non-shared (twin studies).o Epigenetics. Environment can change how genes are expressed. Certain trigger can be turned on by the environment.o Gene-environment interaction. How one reacts to a specific environment is influenced by one’s genes.o Reciprocal genes and environment interaction. Genes predisposed individual the entering certain environment and then respond in a negative way due to being in those environments. Example: teen girls and depressiono Take away message. Genetics and environment work simultaneously to produce behavior.- Neuroscience/ Neurobiology:o Brain structure and function. Macro-anatomy – brain structure. Micro-anatomy – neurons.o Neurotransmitters.- Neuro-Anatomy:o 2 hemispheres of the brain.o 4 lobes per hemisphere. Frontal (executive decision). Temporal (hearing). Partial (special skills). Occipital (vision). o Other important cortical regions: Pre-frontal cortex. Motor cortex. Somatosensory cortex. Broca & Wernieke’s area. Broca = speech production. Wernieke = speech interpretation.o Limbic system (emotional). Amygdala (emotional valance). Hippocampus (learning). Anterior cingulate cortex. Septum. Hypothalamus (hormone regulation).o Midbrain. Thalamus. Corpus collosum (connecting fibers).o Brain stem. Pons. Medulla.o Cerebellum (coordinating motor movement).- Neurons:o Soma (cell bodies). Nucleus.o Axon (electrical impulse). Axon sheath/mylenation.o Dendrites (receive information).o Terminal branches (send information). Terminal buttons.- Types of Neurotransmitters:o Monoamines – plays many roles depends on circuit. Serotonin (5-HT). Dopamine (DA). Norepinephrine (NE). Epinephrine.o GABA – primary inhibitory neurotransmitters.o Glutamate – primary excitory neurotransmitter.o Acetylcholine (ACH).- Neurotransmitter and Psychopathology:o Excess/deficient neurotransmitter. Production of neurotransmitter. Transportation of neurotransmitter. Re-uptake of neurotransmitter. Enzymatic degradation.o Excess/deficient receptor sites.- Neuroendocrine System:o Important structures. Hypothalamus. Pituitary gland.o HPA-axis. Fight-or-flight. Chronic stress. Strongly implicated in psychopathology.- Cross-Paradigms Factors:o Sociocultural Factors: Gender (social) and sex (biological.- Gender norms, sex hormones. Socioeconomic status.- Higher rates of mental illness in low SES population.- Access to mental health care. Race, culture, and ethnicity.- Culture-bound disorder.- Misattribution of cultural variation to psychopathology.- Diathesis-Stress Model:o Diathesis = predisposition or vulnerability to developing a metal disorder. Can be biological, psychological, or social. Example: genetic disposition, childhood trauma, neglect.o Stress = triggering event. What led to the on-set. Usually life event (good or bad). Losing a job, college, puberty,