PSYCH 333 2nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 20th)Introduction to Abnormal Psychology.Know the 4 D’s of abnormality. The brief history of abnormal psychology. Know the biological and psychological causes for mental illness. Know about modern health care, and who provides mental health care.-4 D’s of abnormality The four D’s of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and disability. Deviance meaning that the behavior is different from the norm so it is not typical behavior. Distress means that the behavior cause either the person or others to feel upset. Dysfunction and disability go hand in hand meaning that the behavior interferes with normal functioning and cancompletely incapacitate the individual.-Brief history of abnormal psychologyIn ancient history people believed very heavily demonology, meaning that mental illness was a result of being possessed by the devil. As we moved into the dark/medieval ages mental illness was either an act of the devil or that whoever had the mental illness was a witch. In these times they would torture people which would lead into them making bizarre confessions; as well in this time they believed a lot in lunacy so mental illness could also be a result of the misalignment of the stars and moon. Then came the asylums which were created in order to keep the dangerous individuals in one place away from those who were not dangerous; this more focused on public safety versus individual treatment.-Biological cause of mental illnessGalton and his study on genetics theorized that personality and intelligence were both heritable, which meant that mental illness could be heritable; meaning that parents with a mental illness were more likely to have a child with an illness.-Psychological cause of mental illnessFreud believed that early childhood experience and unconscious conflicts were the cause of mental illness.-Modern health careModern health care today is set by HMO’s that give patients an amount of money per year that they will cover for medical health care expenses, usually those with chronic illnesses don’t have enough money to pay for treatment or medication. Psychiatrists, psychologists, master’s level practitioners, psychiatric nurse practitioners, and chemical dependency counselors provide either psychological, social, or biological health care.Lecture 2 (August 22nd)Psychological paradigms in Abnormal PsychologyKnow the psychological paradigms. Know the humanistic, existential, behavioral, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral theories.Psychological paradigm-The psychological paradigm as a whole can also be known as the psychoanalytical theory. This theory was thought of by Freud and he believe that the structure of the unconscious was made up by the id, ego, and superego. He believe very much in psycho-sexual development in childrenthrough adulthood and that sex and aggression went hand in hand.Humanistic theory-The humanistic theory focuses on the conscious processes, basically that human nature is goodand that mental illness arises when the person encounters a threat or obstacle for self-growth.Existential theory.-The existential theory is strongly based on philosophy, and a less optimistic version of the humanistic theory. Existential anxiety arises due to awareness to our inevitable death and the meaninglessness of life, and mental illness is a failure to cope with existential anxiety.Behavioral theory-The behavioral theory has three different components; classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Classical conditioning is taking an innate response with a neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning is using punishment and reward to shape behavior. Observational learning is learning by watching someone else perform an action.Cognitive theory-Cognitive theory is based on schemas and cognitive distortions. A schema is how we define ourselves and our expectations about ourselves, the world, and the future. This theory has another factor called attribution which is how we understand cause and effect; good things happen to me because I am a good person but bad things happen to me because of someone else, this is the self-serving bias aspect of attribution. The other aspect is looking at others and thinking that bad things happen to them because they are a bad person, and good things happen to them due to an external factor.Cognitive-behavioral theory-This theory integrates the behavioral and the cognitive theories together; becoming the most common paradigm to understand and treat mental illness.Lecture 3 (August 27th)Biological paradigms in abnormal psychologyKnow about behavior genetics. Know the neuroscience/neurobiology and neuro-anatomy/neurons of the brain. Know about neurotransmitters and how they relate to psychopathology. Know about the neuroendocrine system and the diathesis-stress model.Behavior genetics-Almost all behavior is polygenic, meaning that behavior comes from multiple genes. Heritabilityalso speaks for how much behavior actually stems from genetics versus environment. Environmental causes of behavior can be seen between shared and non-shared environment; shared environment being family, income level/SES, etc. and non-shared environment would be relationships, friendships, etc. Epigenetics show how environment can change how genes are expressed, meaning that certain environments can trigger, or turn on, a gene that could cause mental illness. Gene-environment interaction shows how a person reacts to a specific environment can be influenced by their genes. Reciprocal genes and environment interaction is showing that an individual can be predisposed by their genes may respond negatively in a specific environment. Example; teenage girls and depression.Neuroscience/neurobiology-Neuroscience and neurobiology is looking at the brain and the brain structure at the macro andmicro level.Neuro-anatomy and neurons-The neuro-anatomy of the brain has a lot of important structures and uses. The brain has two hemispheres, and each hemisphere has four lobes. The frontal, executive decision-making, lobe;the temporal, hearing/audio, lobe; the partial, special skills, lobe; and the occipital, vision, lobe. Other important regions of the brain include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, Broca’s area which involves speech productions, and Wernieke’s area which involves speech interpretation. The limbic, or emotional,