PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Biological Treatments of BipolarII. Etiology of Bipolar Disorder – PsychologicalIII. Psychological Treatment of BipolarIV. Suicide Terminology V. Epidemiology of SuicideVI. Why Do People Attempt SuicideOutline of Current Lecture II. Anxiety DisordersIII. Specific PhobiaIV. Social Anxiety DisorderV. Panic DisorderVI. AgoraphobiaVII. Generalized Anxiety DisorderVIII. Biological TheoriesCurrent Lecture- Anxiety Disorders:o Specific phobia.o Social anxiety disorder (social phobia).o Panic disorder.o Agoraphobia.o Generalize anxiety disorder.- Specific Phobia:o Fear of a specific situation/object.o Subtypes: Animal; bears, lions, spiders, etc. Natural environment; heights, water, thunderstorms, etc. Situational; onset in later in childhood, or adulthood, bridges, driving, claustrophobia, etc. Blood – injection – injury; tends to run in families. Other.- Social Anxiety Disorder:o Fear of humiliation, judgment, and evaluation.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Subtype: performance only; comes out when they have to do public speaking.o Typical age of onset: adolescence.o Comorbidities: Depressions, substance use (alcohol and marijuana), personality disorders.o Associated features: Difficulties with assertiveness (both extremes).o Changes over the course of the disorder.- Panic Disorder:o Fear of having panic attack.o Recurrent unexpected panic attacks.o What is a panic attack? Acute ANS arousal.o Onset – typically in adolescence/early adulthood.o Associated features: Nocturnal panic attacks, sensitivity to interoceptive, and presentation for medical care.- Agoraphobia:o Fear of having anxious symptoms in a place where they cannot escape or seek help.o At most severe – client may be homebound.o Low remission rates, without treatment it won’t go away.o Comorbid with panic disorder, social phobia, and PTSD.- Generalized Anxiety Disorder:o “Worry warts.”o Worry or anxiety about many things.o Patients often present with muscle pain, headaches, and insomnia.o Course tends to be chronic.o Content of worries tends to change across the lifespan.o Comorbid with depression, other anxiety disorder.- Theories and Treatment of Anxiety Disorder:- Biological Theories:o Genetics: 20-40% for most anxiety disorder. 50% for panic behavioral inhibitions/neuroticism.o Macroanatomy. “Fear circuit.”- Amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex.- Amygdala sees the threat, the medial prefrontal cortex will assure that it is or is not a threat, and then the hippocampus will remember the issue to avoid it for future reference. Locus Coeruleus – Panic disorder.o Microanatomy. Neurotransmitters. Serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA.o Neuroendocrine system. HPA-axis activation. Fight-or-flight response. Cortisol,
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