Crystal Structure of an Ancient Protein Evolution by Conformational Epistasis Eric A Ortlund et al Science 317 1544 2007 DOI 10 1126 science 1142819 The following resources related to this article are available online at www sciencemag org this information is current as of December 11 2007 Supporting Online Material can be found at http www sciencemag org cgi content full 1142819 DC1 A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at http www sciencemag org cgi content full 317 5844 1544 related content This article cites 26 articles 9 of which can be accessed for free http www sciencemag org cgi content full 317 5844 1544 otherarticles This article has been cited by 1 article s on the ISI Web of Science This article has been cited by 1 articles hosted by HighWire Press see http www sciencemag org cgi content full 317 5844 1544 otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections Evolution http www sciencemag org cgi collection evolution Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at http www sciencemag org about permissions dtl Science print ISSN 0036 8075 online ISSN 1095 9203 is published weekly except the last week in December by the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1200 New York Avenue NW Washington DC 20005 Copyright 2007 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science all rights reserved The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS Downloaded from www sciencemag org on December 11 2007 Updated information and services including high resolution figures can be found in the online version of this article at http www sciencemag org cgi content full 317 5844 1544 proaches have been and are being considered For example in Singapore where 84 of the population lives in public housing 35 regulations that explicitly recognize the role of spatial segregation in sectarianism specify the percentage of ethnic groups to occupy housing blocks 36 This legally compels ethnic mixing at a scale finer than that which our study finds likely to lead to violence Given the natural tendency toward social separation maintaining such mixing requires a level of authoritarianism that might not be entertained in other locations Still despite social tensions 37 the current absence of violence provides some support to our analysis The alternative approach aiding in the separation process by establishing clear boundaries between cultural groups to prevent violence has also gained recent attention 38 39 Although further studies are needed there exist assessments 39 of the impact of historical partitions in Ireland Cyprus the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East that may be consistent with the understanding of type separation and a critical scale of mixing or separation presented here The insight provided by this study may help inform policy debates by guiding our understanding of the consequences of policy alternatives The purpose of this paper does not include promoting specific policy options Although our work reinforces suggestions to consider separation we are not diminishing the relevance of concerns about the desirability of separation or its process Even where separation may be indicated as a way of preventing violence caution is warranted to ensure that the goal of preventing violence does not become a justification for violence Moreover even a peaceful process of separation is likely to be objectionable There may be ways to positively motivate separation using incentives as well as to mitigate negative aspects of separation that often include displacement of populations and mobility barriers Our results for the range of filter diameters that provide good statistical agreement between reported and predicted violence in the former Yugoslavia and India suggest that regions of width less than 10 km or greater than 100 km may provide sufficient mixing or isolation to reduce the chance of violence These bounds may be affected by a variety of secondary factors including social and economic conditions the simulation resolution may limit the accuracy of the lower limit and boundaries such as rivers other physical barriers or political divisions will surely play a role Still this may provide initial guidance for strategic planning Identifying the nature of boundaries to be established and the means for ensuring their stability however must reflect local issues Our approach does not consider the relative merits of cultures individual acts or immediate causes of violence but rather the conditions that may promote violence It is worth considering whether in places where cultural differentiation is taking place conflict might be prevented or minimized by political acts that create appropriate boundaries suited to the current geocultural regions rather than the existing 1544 historically based state boundaries Such boundaries need not inhibit trade and commerce and need not mark the boundaries of states but should allow each cultural group to adopt independent behaviors in separate domains Peaceful coexistence need not require complete integration References and Notes 1 M White Deaths by Mass Unpleasantness Estimated Total for the Entire 20th Century http users erols com mwhite28 warstat8 htm September 2005 2 D L Horowitz Ethnic Groups in Conflict Univ of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles ed 2 2000 3 B Harff T R Gurr Ethnic Conflict in World Politics Westview Boulder ed 2 2004 4 S Huntington The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Simon Schuster New York 1996 5 D Chirot M E P Seligman Eds Ethnopolitical Warfare Causes Consequences and Possible Solutions American Psychological Association Washington DC 2001 6 M Reynal Querol J Conflict Resolut 46 29 2002 7 T R Gulden Politics Life Sciences 21 26 2002 8 H Buhaug S Gates J Peace Res 39 417 2002 9 A Varshney Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life Hindus and Muslims in India Yale Univ Press New Haven CT 2003 10 M D Toft The Geography of Ethnic Violence Identity Interests and the Indivisibility of Territory Princeton Univ Press Princeton NJ 2003 11 J Fox Religion Civilization and Civil War 1945 through the New Millennium Lexington Books Lanham MD 2004 12 M Mann The Dark Side of Democracy Explaining Ethnic Cleansing Cambridge Univ Press New York 2004 13 I Lustick Am Polit Sci Rev 98 209 2004 14 Materials and methods are available as supporting
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