Evolution of Hormone Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation Jamie T Bridgham et al Science 312 97 2006 DOI 10 1126 science 1123348 The following resources related to this article are available online at www sciencemag org this information is current as of December 11 2007 Supporting Online Material can be found at http www sciencemag org cgi content full 312 5770 97 DC1 A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at http www sciencemag org cgi content full 312 5770 97 related content This article cites 25 articles 10 of which can be accessed for free http www sciencemag org cgi content full 312 5770 97 otherarticles This article has been cited by 32 article s on the ISI Web of Science This article has been cited by 13 articles hosted by HighWire Press see http www sciencemag org cgi content full 312 5770 97 otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections Evolution http www sciencemag org cgi collection evolution Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at http www sciencemag org about permissions dtl Science print ISSN 0036 8075 online ISSN 1095 9203 is published weekly except the last week in December by the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1200 New York Avenue NW Washington DC 20005 Copyright 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science all rights reserved The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS Downloaded from www sciencemag org on December 11 2007 Updated information and services including high resolution figures can be found in the online version of this article at http www sciencemag org cgi content full 312 5770 97 REPORTS Fig 4 Marginal and scaled distribution for A the SST trend time series and B the detrended SST variability time series Values greater than one the vertical line in the color bar at the bottom account for the MI shared between the variables References and Notes Variable SST Specific humidity Wind shear Stretching deformation EPAC NATL SPAC 0 32 0 06 0 23 0 13 NA NA 0 67 0 20 NA 0 61 0 45 NA 0 29 0 10 NA NA 0 67 0 55 Statistically significant correlations at the 95 confidence level Evolution of Hormone Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation Jamie T Bridgham Sean M Carroll Joseph W Thornton According to Darwinian theory complexity evolves by a stepwise process of elaboration and optimization under natural selection Biological systems composed of tightly integrated parts seem to challenge this view because it is not obvious how any element s function can be selected for unless the partners with which it interacts are already present Here we demonstrate how an integrated molecular system the specific functional interaction between the steroid hormone aldosterone and its partner the mineralocorticoid receptor evolved by a stepwise Darwinian process Using ancestral gene resurrection we show that long before the hormone evolved the receptor s affinity for aldosterone was present as a structural by product of its partnership with chemically similar more ancient ligands Introducing two amino acid changes into the ancestral sequence recapitulates the evolution of present day receptor specificity Our results indicate that tight interactions can evolve by molecular exploitation recruitment of an older molecule previously constrained for a different role into a new functional complex he ability of mutation selection and drift to generate elaborate well adapted phenotypes has been demonstrated theoretically 1 2 by computer simulation 3 4 in the laboratory 5 6 and in the field 7 How evolutionary processes assemble complex systems that depend on specific interactions among T the parts is less clear however Simultaneous emergence of more than one element by mutational processes is unlikely so it is not apparent how selection can drive the evolution of any part or the system as a whole Most molecular processes are regulated by specific interactions so the lack of exemplars for the emergence of www sciencemag org SCIENCE VOL 312 Downloaded from www sciencemag org on December 11 2007 Table 2 Correlations for individual ocean basins between NCAT45 and variables for which there is a statistically significant trend in that basin for the original time series in bold and the detrended time series in parentheses NA not applicable 1 P J Webster G J Holland J A Curry H R Chang Science 309 1844 2005 2 K E Trenberth Science 308 1753 2005 3 K Emanuel Nature 436 686 2005 4 C W Landsea Nature 438 E11 2005 5 K Emanuel Nature 438 E13 2005 6 J A Curry P J Webster G J Holland in preparation 7 R A Pielke Jr C Landsea M Mayfield J Laver R Pasch Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86 1571 2005 8 L J Shapiro S B Goldenberg J Clim 11 578 1998 9 P J Webster G J Holland R A Houze Jr paper presented at the 85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting the Ed Lorenz Symposium San Diego CA 13 January 2005 http ams confex com ams Annual2005 techprogram paper 87148 htm 10 T M Smith R W Reynolds J Clim 17 2466 2004 11 E M Kalnay et al Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77 437 1996 12 R M Hirsch J R Slack R Smith Water Resour Res 18 107 1982 13 C E Shannon Bell System Tech J 27 379 1948 14 Information on the statistical method is available as supporting material on Science Online 15 J Lighthill et al Bull Am Meteorol Soc 75 2147 1994 16 W M Gray Mon Weather Rev 96 669 1968 17 Values of MI vary from 0 total independence to 2 8 total dependence corresponding to the entropy of NCAT45 minimum among all variables 18 SST correlations for the remaining three basins are as follows using the same notation as in Table 2 WPAC 0 44 0 13 NIO 0 28 0 10 SIO 0 54 0 02 19 This research was supported by the Climate Dynamics Division of NSF under award NSF ATM 0328842 Supporting Online Material www sciencemag org cgi content full 1123560 DC1 SOM Text Figs S1 to S5 Reference 7 December 2005 accepted 7 March 2006 Published online 16 March 2006 10 1126 science 1123560 Include this information when citing this paper such systems represents an important gap in evolutionary knowledge As Darwin stated BIf it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous successive slight modifications my theory would absolutely break down 8 The functional interaction between the steroid hormone aldosterone and its specific partner the mineralocorticoid receptor MR a
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