Animal Diversity BSC 2011L Major Divisions of Life Eukaryotes Bacteria Archaea Microsporidia Flagellata Animalia Fungi Ciliata Plantae membrane bound nucleus Major Divisions of Life Bacteria Archaea Microsporidia Flagellata Animalia Fungi Ciliata Multicellular Plantae Major Divisions of Life These multicellular groups were divided based on feeding mode fundamental organizational differences Animalia Fungi Plantae heterotrophic ingest and digest food heterotrophic absorb food autotrophic photosynthesis no cell walls cell walls made of chitin cell walls made of cellulose Diversity of Animal Life What is an animal multicellular Branch Metazoa eukaryote heterotrophic blastula stage generally motile How are these animals grouped Complexity level of organization Morphology general body plan symmetry comparative biochemistry Development type of developmental patterns Level of Organization Cell no tissues no organs individual cells accomplish physiological functions Tissue cells are organized into tissues and work together to accomplish physiological functions Organ tissues are organized into organs that accomplish physiological functions General Body Plan presence of different body structures does it have a head does it have a backbone does it have tentacles etc solutions to different body functions how do they move how do they feed how do they reproduce etc Types of Symmetry the arrangement of body structures relative to some axis of the body Asymmetrical Radial Bilaterial Comparative Biochemistry comparing DNA and amino acid sequences among animals Developmental Patterns type of cell cleavage type of embryo development presence type and formation of a body cavity etc sea urchin Taxonomic Hierarchy Linnaen system of binomial nomenclature example Humans Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens the plural of Phylum Phyla Phylum Porifera the sponges Phylum Porifera Branch Parazoa beside animal Sponges are at the cellular level of organization and have no tissues or organs Sponges are assemblages of cells embedded in a protein matrix and supported by a skeleton of needle like structures External Morphology General Body Plan osculum plural oscula spongocoel ostia singular ostium water 3 Body Types Based on the complexity of the water canals Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid Increasing size Increasing SA V Asconoid Body Type osculum spongocoel ostium spongocoel is lined with choanocytes Asconoid Body Type osculum spongocoel water ostium Syconoid Body Type incurrent canal osculum ostium spongocoel prosopyle radial canal apopyle radial canals are lined with choanocytes Syconoid Body Type incurrent canal osculum water ostium spongocoel prosopyle radial canal apopyle Leuconoid Body Type osculum spongocoel apopyle ostium incurrent canal flagellated chambers prosopyle flagellated chambers are lined with choanocytes Leuconoid Body Type osculum spongocoel water apopyle ostium incurrent canal flagellated chambers prosopyle Microscopic Morphology archaeocyte amoebocyte porocyte choanocyte pinacocyte spicules mesohyl Skeletal Elements Mesohyl proteinaceous matrix that contains skeletal material and certain cell types equivalent to the connective tissue in other organisms made of collagen and spongin Skeletal Elements Spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica often used in taxonomic identification Cell Types Choanocytes collar cells diagnostic of phylum Porifera consist of a long flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli functions obtaining food creating water currents reproduction Cell Types Archaeocytes also called amoebocytes found throughout mesohyl totipotent can differentiate into any other type of cell functions digestion through phagocytosis make spicules reproduction Cell Types inside of sponge outside of sponge Pinacocytes line the exterior surface of the sponge functions some can regulate water flow by moving open close ostia Cell Types inside of sponge outside of sponge Porocytes found in asconoid sponges form tubes in the body wall where water can pass through functions allow water flow Physiology Feeding Sessile filter feeders Digestion Intracellular Gas exchange Simple diffusion Excretion nitrogenous waste removal Simple diffusion Physiology Reproduction Asexual fragmentation budding regeneration gemmules in freshwater sponges only resistant mass of archaeocytes that are in unfavorable conditions when the environment is nice again develop into sponges produced they will Physiology Reproduction Sexual usually monoecious a single individual can produce both male and female gametes both sexes are within one individual sperm are released into the water and eggs are retained within the sponge motile larvae are produced some swim some crawl metamorphose and become juvenile sponges Ecology most sponges are marine 5000 species but there are 150 freshwater sponge species Sponges are found at all depths but certain species are restricted to particular depths due to how their spicules are formed There are few sponge predators because they usually contain distasteful toxins Some predators e g sea slugs sequester these sponge toxins which in turn deters their own predators Ecology Symbiosis the living together of 2 different species in an intimate relationship Types of symbiotic relationships Mutualism both partners benefit Commensalism 1 partner benefits 1 partner is unaffected Parasitism 1 partner benefits 1 partner is harmed There are examples of all 3 of these types of symbiotic relationships occurring in Sponges Ecology Mutualism certain endosymbiotic bacteria and algae living within the sponge provide additional food for the sponge while the sponge provides a place for the bacteria and algae to grow some crabs will attach a piece of sponge to their body to use as camouflage and to deter predators while the sponge gets to move around Ecology Commensalism many different species live within sponges and receive food and shelter benefits but do nothing for the sponge e g 15cm piece of sponge in California was found to house 100 different species of plants animals e g Venus s Flower basket a pair of shrimp live their entire lives within 1 sponge Ecology Parasitism boring sponges are parasites on certain corals because they bore into the calcium carbonate base of the coral for protection and kill part of the coral in the process Current Sponge Research Chemical defenses the compounds that sponges use to defend themselves from
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