BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I. Gene Expression (Prokaryotic)II. Gene RegulationIII. TerminologyIV. Gene Expression (Eukaryotic)Outline of Current Lecture I. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)II. Bio-farmingIII. Plasmids & Restriction EnzymesCurrent LectureI. GMOs- What’s a GMO? An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.- Why genetically modify crops?o A lot of crops re genetically-engineered to be resistant to certain herbicideso Herbicides kill weeds, so weeds will be destroyed & plants will be ableto growo Vitamin deficiency; what’s the best way increase vitamin A production? Golden rice -> genetically engineered the enzymes that make beta-cariton (precursor to vitamin A)o 1 bowl of rice = 60% of daily intake of vitamin A- Problems-GMO? o Antibiotic resistance geneso Are they dangerous? Could consuming them cause harm to humans (growing debate)? Most GMOs are labeled in supermarkets- Why do genetic engineering?o Glofish (GMO)- model organisms for developmental studies GPC- green fluorescent protein inserted (if water quality was bad, fish would glow -> intention)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Do you know someone who takes insulin for diabetes?o Pigs & cows- insulin gene (some people developed antibodies to theseproducts and also purification process might not be 100%)o 1955- Frederich Sanger (won Nobel Price) for insulin discovery o Human insulin production- Similar process can be used to make human growth hormoneII. Bio-farming- Genetically-engineered animals- Cows excrete lots of protein in milk- Hemophilia- blood doesn’t clot (any small cut can turn into life-threatening incidence)o HIV (lot of hemophiliacs started getting it)o Expressing clotting factors- goat milk Good way of purifying out a large amount of proteinIII. Plasmids and Restriction Enzymes- Plasmids- tiny circles of DNA; generally 5,000 bpo Contain small number of genes; antibiotic resistant- Gene cloning- Restriction enzymes- cut up DNA using this; endonucleases (cut DNA internally)- Restriction sites (properties):o 4-6 bp longo Palindromic (same forward as it is backward) – MADAM/RADAR- How do restriction enzymes work? Like all enzymes, restriction enzymes are highly specific. They cut DNA only within very precise recognition sequences. - DNA -> Recombinant DNA molecules (+ ligase to seal it up)- Recombinant DNA -> Bacterium (replicate and divide) -> make lots of protein- OR Recombinant DNA -> insert RNA molecule in goat and her to produce it in
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