BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Golgi II. Pulse-Chase ExperimentIII. Eukaryotes vs. ProkaryotesIV. Advantages of OrganellesV. Other Components in the Cell?VI. VirusesOutline of Current Lecture I. Types of EnergyII. Laws of ThermodynamicsIII. Endergonic vs ExergonicIV. Reaction CouplingV. Breakdown of GlucoseCurrent LectureI. Types of Energy- Potential, kinetic thermal, electro-chemical- Energy in Biology: get from our foods (chemical energy, electrochemical gradient across membrane)- Lipids have more stored energy than carbohydrates (lipids = 9g/cal, carbs = 4g/cal)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Laws of Thermodynamics - (1) conservation of energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed (can transfer energy between different forms)- (2) universe entropy always increases (entropy: amount of disorder)- Delta G = delta H –T (delta S)- G = Gibbs free energy, H = enthalpy (total energy), T = temperature, S = entropyIII. Endergonic vs ExergonicReaction Coupling (shown below)- Endergonic- accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants- Exergonic-accompanied by release of energy - Amino acids -> proteins (endergonic reaction)- Glucose -> carbon dioxide + water (exergonic)- Ions moving across membrane (high to low); energy is released (exergonic)- Triglycerides -> fatty acids (exergonic)- Nucleic acids -> nucleotides (exergonic)IV. Breakdown of Glucose (exergonic reaction)- The equation above -> cellular respiration- Activation energy (enzymes help lower this)- Enzymes- organic catalysts (speed up reaction but do not change); one specific enzyme per reaction- Cofactors- ion, zinc, etc…- Coenzymes- organic molecules (you get from food)- How do enzymes work? Make reaction more favorable by bringing reactants in close enough proximity to interact. Also, change shape of the reactants to stress bonds which need to be broken in the
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