BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. Fermentation ProcessII. Why Anaerobic Respiration in Humans?III. Extra Credit: Cyanide vs. DNP?Outline of Current Lecture I. PhotosynthesisII. Chloroplasts and ChlorophyllIII. Cyclic vs. Noncyclic Electron flowCurrent LectureI. Photosynthesis- Origin of Oxygen Gas: oxygen isotopes -> 16O and 18O- Experiment in which O2 comes from water (produces 18O2)- Photosynthesis -> two separate processes: light dependent reactions, light independent (Calvin cycle)- Light dependent reactions: first step. In this process of photosynthesis, the energy from light propels the electrons from a photosystem into a high-energy state. In plants, there are two photosystems, aptly named These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Photosystem I and Photosystem II, located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The thylakoid membrane absorbs photon energy of different wavelengths of light.- Goal- trap sunlight energy and store it as chemical energy to use in all life functions- Light independent reactions: occur in stroma- Goal- to take the recently created NADPH and ATP and store their energy by constructing sugars from CO2- Where does CO2 come from? The atmosphere - the leaf opens up its stomates and lets CO2 in; when this happens, H2O is inadvertently released, plant must always balance its carbon intake with water loss- Conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar -> energy is stored by converting CO2 into sugars in the Calvin-Benson CycleII. Chloroplasts & Chlorophyll- Chlorophyll- a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.- Green light reflected and all other light absorbed- How do they obtain energy?- Linear electron flow (PSII)- Only energy transfer among pigments; only light transfers electrons- Water gets split to make up electrons; electron come from water- Electron transport chain (ETC) in between PSII and PSI- ETC makes ATP, where electron carriers come in (ATP synthase in thylakoid membrane -> pumping H+ high to low)- Photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation are very similar- Photophosphorylation- synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis.Photophosphorylation Oxidative PhosphorylationETC location Thylakoid membrane Mitochondria (innermembrane)Location of ATP synthesis Stroma Mitochondrial matrixInputs H2O, ADP+Pi, NADP+ Mitochondrial matrixOutputs O2, ATP, NADPH ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O- Know every aspect of the photosynthesis process discussed above! (Will be on test)III. Cyclic Electron Flow- Main purpose? Make ATP- What wouldn’t this system make? NADPH and oxygen- NADPH produced is recycled and the electrons are used to produce more ATP- Q: How many molecules of ATP were required to make 1 glucose molecule?(9 molecules make 3-carbon sugar) X 2 = 18 ATP
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