BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 37Outline of Last LectureI. Darwin and His Observations and Inferences II. Evidence of EvolutionIII. DNA Sequences & Predictions Outline of Current LectureI. Final Exam Review QsCurrent LectureI. Final Review Questions1. What three types of atoms are found in all carbs? Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen2. What type of interactions between all nonpolar molecules? London dispersion3. What are four elements that make up 96% of living things? Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen4. Class of molecules that can most easily pass lipid bilayer without help? Small, nonpolar5. Describe structure of starch. Is it di/mono/polysaccharide? Polysaccharide6. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate group7. What is osmosis? Transport of water across a membrane towards high solute concentration 8. A molecule is said to be amphipathic. What does this mean? Hydrophobic + hydrophilic9. Two electrons share unevenly? Polar 10. Functional groups -> acidic? Carboxyl 11. Building blocks of proteins? How many types exist? Amino acids, 2012. Co-transporters -> no ATP energy -> where does energy come from? Concentration gradient of another ion 13. Are lipids polar or nonpolar? Do they dissolve easily in H2O? nonpolar; don’t dissolve easily in water 14. What are two cellular functions of carbs? Building blocks of nucleic acids, cellulose, etc. 15. What is a buffer and how does it work? It balances pH of solution by absorbing orreleasing H+sThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.16. Four parts of amino acid? Amine group, carboxyl group, R group17. Are the hydrogen bonds between water molecules adhesion or cohesion? Cohesion 18. Acids vs bases -> acids: low pH, proton donor bases: high pH, proton acceptor19. Name 3 transport mechanisms across membranes. Active, passive, co-transport 20. Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Saturated fats = no double bonds, unsaturated fats = have double bonds 21. How does DNA and RNA differ? DNA -> thymine, deoxyribose RNA -> uracil, ribose22. What stage of cellular respiration is glucose converted to CO2? Krebs cycle, actually the intermediate step23. What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle? NADPH, ATP24. What organelle contains DNA? Nucleus (also mitochondrion and chloroplasts)25. Explain two ways to produce ATP, and which part of cellular respiration do they occur? Substrate-level phosphorylation (Krebs cycle) + oxidative phosphorylation 26. Main purpose of fermentation in the cell? Anaerobic respiration; to produce NAD27. Breaking apart protein into amino acids? Exergonic
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