BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Types of EnergyII. Laws of ThermodynamicsIII. Endergonic vs ExergonicIV. Reaction CouplingV. Breakdown of GlucoseOutline of Current Lecture I. Enzyme RegulationII. Cellular Respiration (CR)III. Mitochondria v. ChloroplastsIV. Energy from FoodV. Electron CarriersVI. CR Stage 1: GlycolysisVII. CR Stage 2: Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoACurrent LectureI. Enzyme Regulation- Inhibitors, pH/temperature/concentration, turn on/off genes, locationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Enzyme regulation- enzymes can regulate by using product as substrate for next enzymeII. Cellular Respiration (CR)- Cellular respiration- what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy. - Three/Four stages: (discussed in detail later) (1) Glycolysis (2) Pyruvate -> Acetyl-coA (3) Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) (4) Oxidative Phosphorylation III. Mitochondria v. ChloroplastsMitochondria Similarities ChloroplastsOrganic molecules -> ATP DNA/RNA/ribosomes light + ATP -> organicmoleculesBoth animal + plant Own proteins Just plant2 membranes (inner and outer) Divide independently ofthe cell (Ex: muscle cells =lots of mitochondria)3 membranesIV. Energy from Food- Equation above has -686 kcal/mol (not released all at once!)- If all 686 kcal/mol were released all at once, spontaneous combustion would result- Occurs in stepsV. Electron Carriers- NAD+ and FAD+ (These molecules are related to vitamin B)- Why use of electron carriers is good? NAD+ can accept a pair of electrons (and hydrogen ion) to become NADH, FAD can accept a pair of electrons (and two hydrogen ions) to be FADH2. - Transfer of energy: redox reactions - Oxidation = electron loss- Reduction = electron gain- How to remember? OIL RIG- You’ll need to know how to determine redox if given an equationQ:A: Organic Molecules:- Oxidation- succinate (lose 2 H’s)- Reduction- fumarate VI. CR Stage 1: Glycolysis- Cellular location- cytosol- Products- pyruvate, NADH, ATP- O2 required? No- Whole purpose of glycolysis: 6-carbon sugar -> 3-carbon sugarsVII. CR Stage 2: Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA- Cellular location- mitochondrial matrix- Products- Acetyl-coA, CO2, NaDH- O2 required? Not directly, but it is required- (See first figure on next
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