KIN 300 Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture II Sport Pedagogy III Physical Education Program a Curriculum b Structure Development c Characteristics IV History of Fitness Outline of Current Lecture V History of Fitness continued a Kenneth Cooper VI Importance of Fitness a What is Fitness Current Lecture History of Fitness 1950 60s Numerous organizations took initiative to educate general public about consequences of low fitness levels including President s Council on Youth Fitness later changed by Kennedy to President s Council on Physical Fitness American Heart Association AHA American Medical Association AMA American Association for Physical Education Recreation Dance AAPHERD Center for Disease Control Prevention CDC American College of Sports Medicine ACSM Formed in 1954 Now the premier organization in the promotion of health fitness These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Has established position stands statements on various exercise related issues based on scientific research These organizations would provide merit legitimacy to the coming fitness movement Two differences between scientific literature and popular literature test question o Advertising None in scientific not trying to sell you o Peer Review None in popular but it is in scientific History of Fitness 1960s Kenneth Cooper Father of the Modern Fitness Movement Cooper is cited as being one of the key figures in revolutionizing field of medicine away from disease treatment to disease prevention through aerobic exercise It is easier to maintain good health through proper exercise diet emotional balance than it is to regain it once it is lost Focused on epidemiological data to support the benefits of regular exercise health Collected data from thousands of individuals and was able to scientifically state that to prevent the development of chronic diseases one must exercise regularly and maintain high fitness levels throughout life Kenneth Cooper 1968 Publication of book titled simply Aerobics Brought attention to extraordinary importance of cardiovascular fitness Founded the Cooper Aerobics Institute in Texas Developed the 12 minute and 1 5 mile fitness tests the Aerobics Point System His work programs ideas established the model from which fitness has proliferated upon in today s society History of Fitness Surgeon General Reports US Surgeon General has issued continues to issue scientific reports of the empirical relationship between physical activity fitness 1979 Healthy People The Surgeon General s Report of Health Promotion Disease Prevention 1996 Physical Activity Health Report indicated the most convincing case to date of relationship between physical activity health Served as a national call to action to increase physical activity among children youth adults of all ages 1990 Healthy People 2000 Established more than 300 health objectives in 22 priority areas the first of which was physical activity fitness 2000 Healthy People 2010 20010 Healthy People 2020 Why is Fitness so Important Traditionally concerns about improving physical fitness or achieving healthier lifestyle were considered personal responsibilities However since the events of WWII the topic has become a public concern rather than simply a personal concern due in large part to The industrial revolution The establishment of more sedentary occupations which are insufficient to develop maintain an adequate level of health fitness The urbanization of society A built environment that discourages rather than encourages physical activity The Built Environment Communities designed to foster driving rather than walking cycling Lack of public transportation Lack of access to safe parks recreation opportunities Sedentary entertainment opportunities no child left behind school program decreased time for PE in schools by 14 Then vs Now 40 years ago more than of all children walked cycled to school today only 10 do so Average American today takes 40 fewer walking trips than just one generation ago In 2001 obesity and overweight was declared to be an epidemic by the surgeon general What is obesity Excess accumulation of fat stored in the body In adults defined as a BMI of 30 kg m2 or greater What is overweight Weight in excess of the average for a given height based on height weight tables In adults defined as a BMI of 25 29 9 kg m2 In 2010 it was reported that Most Americans are overweight obese More than 2 3rds of all adults 1 3rd of all children are overweight Nearly 30 of adults and 16 of children are obese Most Americans do not exercise Over 1 3rd of US adult population engages in no leisure time physical activity Only 30 of US adult population are somewhat active It has been estimated that by 2020 72 of US population will be overweight Obesity rates of children youth have more than tripled over past 30 years 300 000 adult deaths attributed annually to medical problems arising from overweight obesity Overweight obesity is now 2nd leading cause of death in US preceded only by heart disease Comorbid health disorders risks associated with overweight obesity including Heart Disease Hypertension high blood pressure High Cholesterol Stoke Diabetes type II Cancer Osteoarthritis other joint disorders Respiratory problems Sleep Apnea Reproductive complications Fitness especially childhood fitness is of such great concern because measures of childhood physical activity health are predictive of adolescent adult patterns Children who are low on fitness measures in elementary school tend to remain at risk during adolescence vice versa Young children who are obese tend to become obese adolescents then obese adults vice versa Today s generation may be the first in American history that has a shorter life expectancy than their parents Costs beyond the loss of life associated with inadequate levels of health fitness now represent a substantial proportion of the yearly gross national product Direct cost US spends more than 117 billion on health care each year figures has doubled over last 5 years expected to double again over next 6 Indirect costs include Lost work days due to complications associated with overweight obesity result in substantial productivity losses Decrease in gross domestic product output Increased health insurance costs So what can be done Empirical data supporting the link between health fitness indicators adult hypokinetic disease disease