ANTH 102 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 – 12 Lecture 8 (September 29)Vocabulary:- World-Systems Theory—Developed by Wallerstein. The idea of the global division of labor due to global trade.- Core—The economically dominant countries under world-systems theory. They participate in the most profitable economic activities and have the strongest governments. Core countries play major roles in the affairs of other countries.- Periphery—The least economically productive countries under world-systems theory. They produce raw materials, foodstuffs and other labor-intensive goods. They tend to have weak governments under the control of core country governments and policies.- Semiperiphery—In the middle zone of world-systems theory, these countries tend to be industrializing and more developed. - Modes of production—A mode of production is the dominant way of providing for a people’s needs. This incorporates how people gather food as well as the division of labor and the views on property.- Foraging—A mode of production relying on hunting, fishing and gathering. This is the oldest economic system. Men hunt, females gather, and there is no concept of individual ownership of property.- Horticulture—A mode of production with an emphasis on food crops, but supplemented by foraging. This is less permanent than agriculture. Males clear the land and females plant/tend crops. There is no private property, but land and resource use is more clearly defined by usufruct rights (you work the land, you have first rights to the land).- Pastoralism—A mode of production relying on nomadic herding practices (animal meat and products). Normally limited to arid environments, with mostly ungulate herds. Malesare responsible for herding and women process the product. Animals and housing are defined property, but there are no private rights to land or travel routes.- Agriculture—A mode of production relying on domestic animals and crop foods. Use animals for plowing, transport etc, and rely on irrigation and other modifications to maximize the crop yield of the land. - Industrialism—A mode of production through which goods and services are produced by mass employment. Goods are made to meet consumer demands rather than basic needs. Formal work is reflected in official statistics, and informal work is not registered and sometimes illegal.- Globalization—The flow of information, goods, services, capital and people across political and economic boundaries. This phenomenon began with European expansionism, but the scale and pace in contemporary times is unprecedented.Multiple Choice:1. The modern world system isa. A system in which ethnic groups are increasingly isolated from the economic and political influence of nation-statesb. A theory that was popular in the 1980s but has since been replaced with the capitalist world economyc. Karl Marx’s theory of social stratificationd. A system of global dimensions in which nations are economically and politically interdependent2. Which of the following statements about world systems theory is not true?a. According to Wallerstein, countries within the world system occupy three different positions of economic and political power: core, periphery and semiperiphery.b. It sees society as consisting of parts assembled into an interrelated system.c. It applies mainly to non-Western societies.d. It claims that a set of economic and political interconnections has characterized most of the world since the 16th century.e. It is based on political and economic specialization and independence.Lecture 9 (October 1)Vocabulary:- Consumption—The spending practices, consumer culture, and use of resources of a people. What it is a person eats and uses.- Minimalist—A mode of consumption associated with foraging strategies. This is intended to meet finite needs and focus on sustainability.- Consumerism—A mode of consumption associated with industrial societies. This is intended to meet infinite needs. There is an inability to meet those needs and a lack of focus on sustainability.- Nonmarket Consumption—A non-state-level mode where people produce their own goods or know who did. There is usually a bartering system instead of money.- Market Consumption—Consumption is depersonalized through globalized mass consumption, where you don’t know who made your products.- Exchange—Refers to the transfer of goods, material or intangible, between people, groups or institutions.- Balanced Exchange—A kind of exchange where the items are roughly equal in value; enforces social ties and mutual respect.- Unbalanced Exchange—A kind of exchange where items are of unequal value; the profit motive overrides social ties.- Reciprocity—Exchange between social equals.- Generalized Reciprocity—Usually practiced between family and close friends, where there is no immediate expectation of repayment.- Balanced Reciprocity—A more formal method of exchange, where goods of equal values are traded.- Negative Reciprocity—A method of exchange where one party takes advantage of another through cheating, theft or scams. This is normally practiced between strangers or enemies.- World Bank—An international financial institution which provides loans to peripheral nations provided those nations meet the standards of the World Bank for government stability and austerity.- Economic Structural Adjustments (ESAP)—The kind of loan distributed by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. ESAPs are designed to promote economic growth, generate national income and pay debts. Multiple Choice:3. Which of the following statements about foraging societies is not true?a. Foraging societies are characterized by large-scale farming.b. All modern foraging societies depend to some extent on government assistance.c. All modern foraging societies have contact with other, non-foraging societies.d. Many foragers have easily incorporated modern technology, such as rifles and snow-mobiles, into their subsistence activities.e. All modern foraging societies live in nation-states.4. Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation?a. Intensive use of land and human laborb. Use of irrigation and terracingc. Use of draft animalsd. Periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowinge. Location in arid areas5. Which of the following is found in all adaptive strategies?a. Transhumanceb. A division of labor