ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture Globalization: Consumption and ExchangeI. Consumptiona. Definitionb. Modes of consumptioni. Minimalistii. Consumerismiii. MixedII. Cross-culture Consumptiona. Nonmarketb. MarketIII. Exchangea. Two kinds of exchangei. Balancedii. Unbalancedb. Reciprocityi. Generalizedii. Balancediii. NegativeIV. International Financial Institutionsa. World Bank b. Loans are known as ESAP, or economic structural adjustmentc. Five foci of the World Bankd. ESAP is about policy changesi. Conditionsii. Criticisms of ESAP?Outline of Current Lecture Health and HealingI. Medical Anthropologya. DefinitionsII. Notable Medical Anthropologistsa. George Fosterb. Nancy Scheper-HughesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Paul Farmerd. Margaret LockeIII. Ethnomedicinea. Definitionb. OriginsIV. Sociocultural PerspectiveV. Biological PerspectiveVI. Thinking About the BodyVII. Disease and Illnessa. DefinitionsVIII. Structural suffering/violenceIX. Culture-bound Syndromesa. ExamplesX. Theoretical approaches in medical anthropologya. Ecological/epidemiologicalb. Interpretivistc. Critical medical anthropologyXI. Emerging and Reemerging Diseasesa. DefinitionsCurrent LectureHealth and HealingXII. Medical Anthropologya. Study of health and disease in cross cultural contextb. The biocultural perspective is important to avoid an overly reductionist view of diseasec. Political economy is the primary epidemiological factori. Public health, “social determinants of health,” politics and economics – poverty and discriminationd. Ethnography is an important tool to understand human suffering from diseaseXIII. Notable Medical Anthropologistsa. George Fosteri. 1970s, Father of Medical Anthropologyii. Medical Anthropologyb. Nancy Scheper-Hughesi. Death Without Weepingii. Studied Brazilian favelasc. Paul Farmeri. AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blamed. Margaret Lockei. Knowledge, Power and Practice: Anthropology of Medicine and Everyday Lifeii. Collaborated with Scheper-Hughes on Anthropology of the BodyXIV. Ethnomedicinea. Health systems that exist in different cultures (NOT biomedicine)b. Includes everything from perception and classification of illness to diagnosis and prevention to healingc. Also includes the anthropology of the body, focuses on globalization and healthd. Originsi. In the 1960s non-Western medicine systems referred to as “folk” or “popular” medicineii. This is an ethnocentric view (is Western medicine “ethnomedicine”? yes)XV. Sociocultural Perspectivea. Social organization of health and illness in society (healthcare systems)b. Recognition of illness, presentation of illness to others, and how illness is dealt with (ex. epilepsy in the Dominican Republic)c. Focus on selection, training, concepts and value of “healers”i. Medical pluralism – formal and informal systemsXVI. Biological Perspectivea. Draws on techniques and findings of medical sciencei. Microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, parasitology, pathology, nutrition, epidemiologyb. Links biological conditions to sociocultural factorsc. Brings biology and culture togetherd. Case study: hereditary disease transmitted by recessive genesi. Occurs in higher frequencies in a particular group due to endogamous practicesii. Example: Tay Sachs disease in Ashkenazi Jewse. Perspectives from multiple disciplines of biomedicine are used to understand problemsf. Medical anthropology is an applied subdisciplineXVII. Thinking About the Bodya. Cross-cultural variation in definition of the body and its relation to illness and healingb. European-American scientific, popular opinion have a division of mind and bodyc. However, where the dichotomy does not exist (ex. Japan) you usually don’t find acategory of “mental illness”XVIII. Disease and Illnessa. Diseasei. The biological pathology, objective and universalii. Eticb. Illnessi. Culture-specific understanding of and experience of health problems, other forms of sufferingii. EmicXIX. Structural suffering/violencea. Broader social, economic, political forces cause sufferingi. War, famine, forced deportation, povertyb. Affect health in different ways, from depression to deathc. Western disease classifications don’t account for structural sufferingXX. Culture-bound Syndromesa. Collection of signs/symptoms which occur in only one or a small number of culturesb. Usually caused by psychosocial experiences such as stress/shockc. No apparent biological caused. Examplesi. Susto – soul frightened away from the body; depression, anxiety; need to see a curandero, a traditional healer, to mend your soulii. American phobias – anorexia, bulimia (possibly class related; middle class white girls moving into other ethnicities as social equality gets greater)XXI. Theoretical approaches in medical anthropologya. Ecological/epidemiologicali. Look at the interaction between environment and cultureii. Potential health problems – pathogen, host, environment relationshipsiii. Document causal links between environmental context and health problemsiv. Approach tends to be quantitative and etic, but utilizes the qualitative, emic approaches as wellb. Interpretivisti. Health system as a system of meaningii. Focuses on labeling, description and explanation of illness and how healing offers meaningful responses to individual and collective stressc. Critical medical anthropologyi. Analysis of how economic and political structures undermine health and shape access to healthcareii. Illustrate how structures create and perpetuate social inequality in health statusiii. Illness as a result of structural position in society rather than something naturalXXII. Emerging and Reemerging Diseasesa. The advent of antibiotics, child vaccinations and improved sanitation gave hope to control of infectious diseasesb. Pesticides help lower mosquito-borne epidemicsc. Since the 1980s, there has been an emergence and reemergence of infectious diseasesi. AIDsii. MDRTBd. Emerging disease: has not been accounted for beforee. Reemerging disease: it was thought not to be an issue anymore, but the changingworld brought it back (ex.