ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture GenderI. Socialization and Identitya. What is identity?b. Ethnopsychologyc. Personality and Child-rearingd. Class and Personalityi. Foster’s (1965) notion of “limited good”ii. Lewis’s (1966) ideal of a “culture of poverty”II. The Life Cyclea. What is the life cycle?b. Birthc. Gender and Infancyd. General PointsOutline of Current Lecture Cultural Evolution: The Stone AgeI. Changes in DevelopmentII. Cro-Magnon ManIII. Hunting and GatheringIV. HomeV. Social AspectsVI. HuntingVII. Toolmakinga. Types of toolsVIII. SpeechIX. FireX. Homo habilisa. Environmentb. Behaviori. Hunting or scavenging?1. Hunting HypothesisXI. Homo erectusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureCultural Evolution: The Stone AgeI. Changes in Developmenta. Until approximately 35kya, no significant change in culturei. At 35kya there were significant technological, artistic and cultural advancesb. Humans began to show planning, forethought and creativityi. They looked at how to change their environmentii. Form more complex societies (came with bipedalism and big brains)II. Cro-Magnon Mana. Essentially modernb. Skilled hunter, artist, toolmakerc. The first European; believed to have emigrated from Africa for the weatherd. Tools were used to hunt and/or process meatIII. Hunting and Gatheringa. Small groupsb. Hunt within a region ID’ed as homec. Size of home depends on the availability of food and size of the groupd. Move around for foodIV. Homea. Live in the same place for longer periodsb. Protection consisted of shallow pits covered with brushc. Didn’t live in caves because of dampness and lingering smoked. Also used huts built from sticks and animal skinsV. Social Aspectsa. Organized group huntsb. Care for the weak and bury the deadc. Discovered that social interaction improved their chances of survivalVI. Huntinga. Originally small prey and dead meat of larger animals (scavenger behavior)b. Neanderthals hunted birds and small mammals using trapsc. Larger animals were caught in pitfalls or forced into swampy mudholes and attacked at close ranged. Skilled at using the environment, know the lay of the landVII. Toolmakinga. Types of toolsi. Early choppersii. Later handaxesiii. Side scrapers and points made by the same technique of chipping away stoneb. High levels of craftsmanshipc. Improving skills brought finer blades, projectilesd. By the time humans moved to Europe they could use stone, bone, ivory and wood i. Were also making beads, ornaments, needles, fishing hooks, bows and arrowsii. Economy and rituals were built from these techniquesVIII. Speecha. Voice box doesn’t fossilize but the hyoid bone doesb. Neanderthals’ hyoid suggests they had SOME form of speechc. The first forms of speech were likely grunting, not sophisticated, but they could speak in some fashionIX. Firea. Early humans gathered natural fire and used to warm shelters, cook, and scare animalsb. Homo erectus learned to rub sticks together to make firec. Evidence of this is present in layers of ash on cave floorsd. Allowed humans to spread farther to colder climese. Created time to pursue other activitiesf. Defense, hunting: harden points on spears, throw burning sticks at animalsX. Homo habilisa. 2.5-1.6myab. First discovered 1959 Olduvai Gorge, Tanzaniai. East Africa is the cradle of lifec. Considerable variation in discovered specimens causes a debate between lumpers and splitters as to what is H. habilis and what is another speciesd. At Lake Turkana a near complete cranium was discoverede. H. habilis had a bigger brain than Australopithecus, smaller teeth with thinner enamel, and a parabolic dental archf. H. habilis also had a rounder, less prognathic skull with smaller cheekbonesg. H. habilis is known as the handyman – associated with Pebble choppersi. Pebble choppers are in the Oldowan tradition1. Oldowan: choppers, scrapers, hammers, bone points, horn cores2. Pebble choppers are made from rounded pebbles with one edge broken for a sharp cutting edge used in butcheringh. Environmenti. Probably open brush/savannahii. Challenging and dangerous: lots of predatorsi. Behaviori. Meat-eatingii. Home base, food sharing, sexual division of laboriii. Archeological evidence1. Animal bones, stone tools at sites like Olduvaiiv. Hunting or scavenging?1. Hunting Hypothesisa. Hunting drove evolutionary change because it selects for coordination, intelligence and aggression2. The present data is not enough to say, but scavenging is more likely. Still, they may have hunted small game.XI. Homo erectusa. 2mya-400kyab. Large brain 900-1200cci. 50% increase over H. habilisc. Brain size falls into the range of modern humans, but is configured differentlyd. From the neck down, look essentially moderne. No chin, thick brow ridge, larger teeth, more robust