ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture Anthropological MethodsI. Conducting Fieldworka. Participant Observationb. Process of Fieldworki. Preparations for Studyii. Field Dynamicsiii. Culture ShockII. Fieldwork Techniquesa. Multiple approachesi. Qualitativeii. Quantitativeiii. Triangulationb. Equipment in the FieldIII. Analyzing the DataIV. Sensitive Issues in the Fielda. Ethicsb. Safetyc. AccountabilityOutline of Current Lecture Magic, Religion and RitualI. Notable Religious TheoristsII. Religion and Worldviewa. WorldviewIII. Defining Religiona. AnimismIV. Defining MagicThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Types of Magici. Imitiative Magicii. Contagious MagicV. An “Evolutionary” Approacha. Magic  Religion  ScienceVI. The Origins of ReligionVII. Religious Beliefa. Expressed in 2 waysi. Mythii. DoctrineVIII. Supernatural Forces and Beingsa. Expressed in different forms cross-culturallyi. Zoomorphicii. Anthropomorphiciii. Pantheoniv. Ancestor venerationIX. Rituala. Periodic Ritualsb. Nonperiodic Ritualsc. Life-cycle Ritualsd. Inversion Rituale. Sacrifice RitualX. Religious Specialistsa. Shamanb. Priest/Priestessc. Divinerd. Palm Readere. ProphetCurrent LectureMagic, Religion and RitualI. Notable Religious Theoristsa. Edward Tylor (animism)i. Primitive Culture (Two volumes, The Origins of Primitive Culture and Religion in Primitive Culture)b. James Frazeri. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religionc. Victor Turner (liminality)i. Dramas, Fields and Metaphorsii. Liminality: the phase of being between a child and adultd. Emile Durkheimi. The Elementary Forms of Religione. Clifford Geertz (interpretive anthropologist)i. The Interpretation of CulturesII. Religion and Worldviewa. Every culture is involved in sense-making, which links to their worldviewb. Worldviewi. An all-encompassing view of the world and how it operatesc. Religions help establish symbolic frameworks, which highlight certain kinds of experience and downplay othersi. Ex: Mary in Spanish CatholicismIII. Defining Religiona. A belief in spirits; animism (Edward Tylor)i. Anima: Latin for “soul”ii. Animism is the belief in a human soulb. A system of belief and action associated with supernatural beings and forcesc. Religion is relative to a people’s worldviewi. The people’s origin, design, their place in the worldd. A system of meaning offering a model of life & a pattern of how to live it (Geertz)IV. Defining Magica. People’s efforts to get supernatural forces and beings to do certain things on their behalf (Frazer)b. Ritual practices whose apparent effects are outside the confines of the scientific methodi. Proper performance of rituals can ensure health and healing, growth of crops, the recovery of lost or stolen objects, etc.c. Types of magici. Imitative Magic1. Things that resemble one another can be acted on to influence someone/something elsea. Example, voodoo dollsii. Contagious magic1. Things that were in contact with someone can still have effects on that persona. Examples, hair and nail clippings, physical objectsV. An “Evolutionary” Approacha. Early theorists like Tylor and Frazer developed an evolutionary model of magic and religionb. Magic  Religion  Sciencei. There is an argument that we are already at the Science stage already, as church attendance drops and scientific thought pervades everyday lifeii. However, a belief in magic still persists1. Sports: athletes have good luck charms or rituals2. Farming: the farmer’s almanac3. Love: the ethnic aisle at grocery stores containing candles to saints, which can be appealed to for help in love or businessVI. The Origins of Religiona. The early people’s need for explanation of the world gave growth to religion and animism (Tylor)b. The evolutionary perspective progresses animism  polytheism  monotheismc. Religion arose at the failure of magic (Frazer)d. Religion developed to give social cohesion in the form of shared symbols and rituals (Durkheim)e. Religion developed to serve the purposes of reducing anxiety and uncertainty (Malinowski)i. Malinowski’s definition based on the observations of the Trobrian Islanders, especially the degree of religiosity in deep sea fishermen versuscoastal fishermenVII. Religious Beliefa. Expressed in two ways across generationsi. Myth1. Stories or narratives about supernatural forces, beings2. Part of an oral tradition3. A narrative with a developed plot4. Express a core belief or teach morality (Malinowski)5. Help deal with the conceptual contradiction between life and death or good and evil6. Examplesa. Adam and Eveb. Bloody Maryii. Doctrine1. An explicit description of supernatural beings and how we should relate to them2. Associated with institutionalized, large-scale, global religions3. Codified in sacred textsa. Bible, Torah, Qu’ranVIII. Supernatural Forces and Beingsa. Expressed in different forms cross-culturallyi. Zoomorphic: the shape or partial shape of an animal1. Many Hindu gods/goddessesii. Anthropomorphic: human form1. Christian Godiii. Pantheon: a collection of gods1. Greekiv. Ancestor veneration: the spirits of the dead are prayed to for intercession1. Sub Saharan AfricaIX. Rituala. Patterned forms of behavior related to the supernatural realmb. Periodic ritualsi. Regularly performed during the yearii. Groundhog Day, Christmasc. Nonperiodic ritualsi. Irregularly performed in response to unforeseen events, like droughtii. Performed to appease the spirits/godsd. Life-cycle ritualsi. Rites of passage to mark a status change from one life stage of an individual to the nextii. Getting a driver’s licenseiii. Phases of the ritual: separation, transition, reintegratione. Inversion rituali. Social roles and relations are inversedii. Carnival, egungun festivals1. Egungun festival: Nigerian celebration of the return of the ancestors, where the living whack people for their sinsf. Sacrifice rituali. Give offerings to the supernaturalii. Could be human, animal, food/flowersX. Religious Specialistsa. Shamani. Part-time specialistii. Has a direct relationship with the supernaturaliii. Usually “called to the profession”b. Priest/Priestessi. Full-time specialistii. Abilities are gained through formal trainingc. Divinersi. Look to futureii. See illnessd. Palm readerse. Prophetsi. Convey divine revelations gained through dreams or