ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture GlobalizationI. Modern World Systema. Wallerstein’s World-System Approachb. Three-tiered systemi. Core countriesii. Peripheral countriesiii. Semiperipheral countriesII. Modes of Productiona. Definitionb. Foragingc. Horticultured. Pastoralisme. Agriculturef. IndustrialismIII. Globalizationa. Process of closer interaction of human activity – economic, social, and political – experienced in 3 areas:i. Spatialii. Temporaliii. Cognitiveb. Food for thoughtOutline of Current Lecture Globalization: Consumption and ExchangeI. Consumptiona. Definitionb. Modes of consumptioni. Minimalistii. Consumerismiii. MixedII. Cross-culture Consumptiona. NonmarketThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. MarketIII. Exchangea. Two kinds of exchangei. Balancedii. Unbalancedb. Reciprocityi. Generalizedii. Balancediii. NegativeIV. International Financial Institutionsa. World Bank b. Loans are known as ESAP, or economic structural adjustmentc. Five foci of the World Bankd. ESAP is about policy changesi. Conditionsii. Criticisms of ESAP?Current LectureGlobalization: Consumption and ExchangeV. Consumptiona. What it is that a person consumesb. What they eat and what they usec. Also spending practices, consumer culture, use of resourcesd. Modes of consumptioni. Minimalist1. Associated with foraging societies2. Intended to meet finite needs, focus on sustainabilityii. Consumerism1. Associated with industrial societies2. Intended to meet infinite needs, an inability to meet those needs, and a lack of focus on sustainabilityiii. Mixed1. Horticultural, pastoral etcVI. Cross-culture Consumptiona. Nonmarketi. People produce their own goods or know who didii. Non state leveliii. Foragingiv. No monetary system, use barteringv. Also known as “Personalized consumption”b. Marketi. Depersonalized through globalized mass consumptionii. Don’t know who made your productsiii. Increased depersonalization increases the risk of worker exploitation1. Ex. Haitian laborers on Dominican Republic sugar plantationsVII. Exchangea. Refers to the transfer of gods (material or intangible) or services between people,groups or institutionsb. Two kinds of exchangei. Balanced1. Items roughly equal in value2. Enforces social ties and mutual respectii. Unbalanced1. Items are of unequal value2. Profit motive overrides social tiesc. Reciprocityi. Generalized1. Usually between family and close friends2. No immediate expectation of repaymentii. Balanced1. More formal method of exchange2. Exchange goods of equivalent valuesiii. Negative1. One party takes advantage of the other2. Hard bargain, cheating, theft, scams3. Between strangers or enemiesVIII. International Financial Institutionsa. World Bank i. Provides loans to developing nations for poverty reduction, etcii. Got its start post WWII1. Infrastructure in Europe was destroyed2. World powers (mostly USA) pooled money to give loans to hardest-hit nations3. Eventually shifted attentions to other parts of the world and began dispersing loans as the World Bankb. Loans are known as ESAP, or economic structural adjustmenti. Very influential in the country1. Eventually has a more negative view – Extreme Suffering for African Peopleii. Overall, ESAPs promote an environment for investment, jobs and economic growthc. Five foci of the World Banki. Capacity building1. Strengthen the government by training officialsii. Infrastructure creating1. Build up the local infrastructure (legal, economic, physical)iii. Strengthen the financial systems1. Capability to support microcredit for large corporate venturesiv. Combat corruption1. Must create an anti-corruption division in the government to prevent the elite from skimming off the loanv. Research, consultancy and training1. All need to be promoted for both the government and non-government; research informs the practiced. ESAP is about policy changesi. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund seek to implement policy changes in the recipient nationsii. Moving from economic to social policies (health, legal systems)iii. Policies must be in place; they are a set condition for receiving loansiv. Designed to promote economic growth, generate income, and pay debtsv. Conditions1. Cut social expenditures (implement austerity measures)2. Devaluation of local currency3. Trade liberalizationa. Open nation to foreign import/export4. Balance budget5. Make foreign investment possible by opening the economy6. Improve governmenta. Fight corruption with transparencyvi. Criticisms of ESAP?1. Austerity – government is encouraged to withdraw from too much2. Structural readjustments promote world disparity of national