ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Four-Field Approacha. Linguistic Anthropologyb. Biological/Physical Anthropologyc. Archeologyd. Cultural Anthropologye. Applied Anthropology?i. A fifth subfieldII. History of AnthropologyIII. Schools of Thought in Anthropologya. Functionalismb. Cultural Relativismc. Historical ParticularismIV. What exactly is culture?a. DefinitionsV. How do cultures interact?a. Globalizationi. NegativesOutline of Current Lecture Anthropological MethodsI. Conducting Fieldworka. Participant Observationb. Process of Fieldworki. Preparations for Studyii. Field Dynamicsiii. Culture ShockII. Fieldwork Techniquesa. Multiple approachesi. Qualitativeii. Quantitativeiii. Triangulationb. Equipment in the FieldIII. Analyzing the DataIV. Sensitive Issues in the FieldThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Ethicsb. Safetyc. AccountabilityCurrent LectureAnthropological MethodsI. Conducting Fieldworka. Anthropology has moved from the armchair to the veranda to the fieldb. Participant Observationi. Malinowski is considered the father of participant observationii. Participant observation: a hallmark in anthropological study, where the participant moves from an outsider (etic) perspective to an insider (emic) perspectivec. The Process of Fieldworki. Choose what to study within the field and cultureii. Develop research questions and a design for study (interview, collect localnewspapers, etc)iii. Preparations for Study1. Vaccinations, understand local political stabilityiv. Field Dynamics1. Build rapport with the group of focus, so the subjects trust and talk to you more2. Nowadays, it is a “share and share alike” treatment; most anthropologists will engage in some form of volunteering or give back to the community in other ways in exchange for information3. The status of the anthropologist (gender, race, age, class) will affect how you are viewed and treated within a societya. Example, non-Western cultures tend to have more defined gender rolesb. Caveat: often Westerners gain an honored status, for example a Western woman being an honorary “man” for the purpose of studying initiation ritualsv. Culture Shock1. A psychological condition from going to a new foreign place and having your ideas of culture threatened2. Symptoms include depression, isolation, and sleeping too muchII. Fieldwork Techniquesa. Anthropology takes a combination of qualitative and quantitative approachesi. Qualitative approaches are concerned with textual analysis (interviews, descriptions, and looking for broad themes, or codes; the emic viewpoint is an inductive and qualitative one1. Unstructured observations, aka “deep hanging out”2. Daily field notes include jottings, or brief surreptitious notes, and longer end-of-day fleshing out of the jottingsii. Quantitative approaches are concerned with statistics; the etic viewpoint is a deductive and quantitative one1. Structured interviews where potential answers have been previously coded2. Surveys without open-ended questionsa. Example mall interviews and phone questionnairesiii. It is not to just observe or just interview – you MUST do both1. Triangulation: combining fieldwork techniques to get closer to the underlying principles of a culturea. Ways to Triangulatei. Life histories of subjectsii. Historical sources such as missionaries’ diariesiii. “Texts” like interview transcripts/recordingsiv. Field notesb. Equipment in the Fieldi. Paper and pen/pencil1. Most fundamental, since this technique is always availableii. Cameras, video cameras, tape recorders1. Make the locals aware of your purpose and make a consent formiii. Computer1. Used for statistics, field notes and analysisIII. Analyzing the Dataa. Realist and reflective ethnography combines both approaches of qualitative and quantitative analysisi. Qualitative methods, based on detailed descriptions, look for themes and patternsii. Quantitative methods are based on statistics, regressions etc.IV. Sensitive Issues in the Fielda. A code of ethics for anthropologists were developed by the American Associationof Anthropologyi. Make a consent form for your subjects!ii. Anthropologists tend to abide by the same principles of the Hippocratic Oath; “Do no harm”b. Safety and Securityi. Understand the social and political contexts as well as local sentiments to your group (Americans)ii. Understand health risks and availability of medical care in your destinationc. Accountability to research subjectsi. Keep your promises, get subjects’ consent and give back to the communityd. Collaborationi. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)1. Involve locals in the project’s design and