ANTH 102 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study GuideLecture 1 (August 25)Vocabulary:- Holism—Studying a problem by embedding it in a broad social context. Studying the whole of the human condition.- Theory—a set of ideas formulated to explain something.- Enculturation—The process of learning and adopting the practices of a culture.Lecture 2 (August 27) Vocabulary:- Four Fields of Anthropology—Cultural, biological, archeological, and linguistic anthropology. Some anthropologists consider there to a fifth field, applied anthropology.- Culture—traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.- Cultural Relativism—An idea perpetuated by Franz Boas. You cannot judge a culture based on your own cultural standards.- Functionalism—An idea perpetuated by sociologist Talcott Parsons. Society is like a human body; every part of society has a function, even if largely disused.- Historical Particularism—Another idea of Franz Boas, complementing cultural relativism. You must judge the development of a society on its own terms without comparing it to other cultures.- Globalization—A force of change which impacts different parts of the world in different ways as cultures interact.- Macroculture—Defining characteristics of a culture at a national level.- Microculture—The different groups that combine to form a macroculture.- Armchair Anthropologist—One of a class of men who made assumptions on human cultures based on the writings of others, rather than direct observation.- Ethnocentrism—The opposite of cultural relativism; judging a culture solely by the standards of your own culture.- Ethnography—A systematic study of a culture. In modern anthropology, generally focusing on one part of culture rather than an all-encompassing view.Lecture 3 (September 3)Vocabulary:- Fieldwork—Going to the area of study to conduct research.- Observer’s Paradox—By being present you change the behavior of the people you are observing, and they do not act or speak as they normally might.- Etic—A research strategy focusing on the ethnographer’s explanations and categories.- Emic—A research strategy focusing on the local explanations and meanings.- Deductive Approach—A method of research more concerned with the etic, quantitative approach, by testing hypotheses based on data collection.- Inductive Approach—A method of research more concerned with the emic, qualitative approach, by observing a culture closely and making more broad inferences from there.- Culture Shock—A creepy feeling of alienation resulting from being thrown into a new setting without the comfort of your own language and culture.- Triangulation—Combining several different qualitative and quantitative techniques to get closer to an idea of a cultural trend.- Qualitative Approach—Concerned with textual analysis (interviews, descriptions and codes, or broad themes). Based around unstructured observations and freeform interviews.- Quantitative Approach—Concerned with statistics from structures interviews and surveys.- Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)—A method of experiment design that involves the locals in the project’s design and approach.Lecture 4 (September 8)Vocabulary:- Liminality—The phase of life between a child and adult.- Imitative Magic—Using things that resemble something or someone to influence that person or event, like voodoo dolls.- Contagious Magic—Things that were in contact with someone can still have effects on that person; be it physical possessions or objects like nail and hair clippings.- Worldview—An all-ecompassing view of the world and how it operates.- Religion—Relative to a people’s worldview and defined in a number of ways. A system of belief and action associated with supernatural beings and forces. A system of meaning offering a model of life and a pattern of how to live it.- Magic—Efforts to get supernatural forces and beings to do certain things on their behalf.Ritual practices whose apparent effects are outside the confines of the scientific method.- Animatism—A belief in a generalized, impersonal supernatural power over which people have some measure of control.- Animism—A belief in spirits and souls, as theorized by Edward Tylor.- Polytheism—A belief in multiple gods and goddesses.- Monotheism—A belief in a single deity.- Myth—A narrative with a developed plot, telling a story about supernatural beings or forces, which is part of an oral religious tradition.- Doctrine—An explicit description of supernatural beings and our relation to them, which is associated with institutionalized religion and codified in sacred texts.- Zoomorphic—A supernatural being taking the form or partial form of an animal.- Anthropomorphic—A supernatural being taking a human form.- Pantheon—A collection of gods.- Ancestor Veneration—Praying to the spirits of the dead for intercession.- Oracle—An oracle/prophet conveys divine revelations gained through dreams or visions.- Priest/Priestess—A full-time religious specialist who gains abilities thru formal training.- Shaman—A part-time religious specialist who has a direct relationship with the supernatural and is usually “called” to the profession.- Ritual—A patterned form of behavior with a relation to the supernatural realm. Rituals can be performed periodically or nonperiodically, and can take forms such as life-cycle rituals, inversion rituals and sacrifices.- Rites of Passage—A life-cycle ritual which moves an individual from one stage of life to the next; such as child to adult.- Religious Pluralism—The concept that multiple religions can exist and be equally valid.- World Religions—A third of the world subscribes to Christianity, but other groups like Islam and Hinduism constitute large chunks of the world’s population.- Syncretism—Cultural and religious blends occurring due largely to acculturation.- Proselytizing Religions—Religions which attempt to gain new converts through missionaries, etc.Lecture 5 (September 10)Vocabulary:- Fetish—An object which has magical properties; sometimes thought to contain a spirit. Used magically, but not worshipped.- Shave—a method of achieving witch status by which a person is involuntarily possessed by a non-human spirit.- Muti—achieving witch status by apprenticeship to a known witch and consumption of certain medicines.Lecture 6 (September