ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is anthropology?II. A Holistic StudyIII. Why study anthropology?Outline of Current Lecture I. The Four-Field Approacha. Linguistic Anthropologyb. Biological/Physical Anthropologyc. Archeologyd. Cultural Anthropologye. Applied Anthropology?i. A fifth subfieldII. History of AnthropologyIII. Schools of Thought in Anthropologya. Functionalismb. Cultural Relativismc. Historical ParticularismIV. What exactly is culture?a. DefinitionsV. How do cultures interact?a. Globalizationi. NegativesCurrent LectureI. The Four-Field Approacha. Linguistic Anthropologyi. Linguistic anthropology is the study of languages in a social contextii. Looks at verbal and nonverbal communication1. Slang, idioms, facial expressions and gesturesiii. Linguistic anthropology developed early in the last century1. A response to the westward expansion, which pushed Native Americans out and into reservations2. Forced cultural assimilation caused loss of culture and languagea. “Encouraged” to learn English and convert to ChristianityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Anthropologists desired to record vanishing languages, including ones without a written language (ex. Haitian Creole)iv. More examples of nonverbal aspects of culture include greetings, which may mark status/hierarchy of the societyb. Biological/Physical Anthropologyi. The study of human origins, evolution and variationii. Biological anthropologists often work for coroner’s officesiii. Primatologists study primate behavior, as a reflection of human ancestry1. Famous primatologists include Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey.iv. Many anthropologists reject race as a biological constructc. Archeologyi. The study of past civilizations and their material cultured. Cultural Anthropologyi. Studying the similarities and differences between cultures and what accounts for those differencesii. Religion, healthcare, social organization, the flow of good/services and globalization are all aspects of culture that can be studied under the broad scope of cultural anthropologye. Applied Anthropology?i. Some anthropologists accept a fifth subfield of anthropologyii. Applied anthropology is the process of taking anthropological knowledge and applying it to problemsiii. The modern field got its start in the 1970s when the USA became interested in developing low income countries1. Organizations looked to the modernification of infrastructure, hospitals, schools etc2. Economists from the World Bank developed plans but ran into roadblocks because of local culture, and sent for anthropologists to conduct ethnographies and help develop appropriate plansa. Ethnography: a written description of a cultureII. History of Anthropologya. Much of what modern anthropology encompasses used to be done by missionaries and colonial administrationsi. Colonial administration kept careful notes on the native populations so they could do their jobs betterb. Darwin’s Impacti. Anthropology got into swing around the time of Darwin’s theory of evolution1. Social evolution: some cultures are more civilized than others2. Europe is the xenith of human culture and development3. The “Great Chain of Being” sorted all living things, including populations of humans, in order of closeness to Goda. Europeans, of course, were very high on this chain4. The ideas of social evolution lead to eugenicsc. Armchair Anthropologistsi. Men who made assumptions on human cultures based on the writings of missionaries and administrators; they never actually visited the peoples they wrote aboutIII. Schools of Thought in Anthropologya. Functionalismi. Sociologist Talcott Parsonsii. Society is like a human body. Every part has a function; society has lots of moving parts, largely disused but still influential.b. Cultural Relativismi. Father of American anthropology, Franz Boasii. You cannot judge a culture based on your own cultural standardsc. Historical Particularismi. Father of American anthropology, Franz Boasii. A complement to cultural relativismiii. You must judge the development of a society on its own terms, without comparing it to other culturesIV. What exactly is culture?a. Culture: shared, learned behavior typically passed from generation to generationb. Macroculture: defining characteristics at a national leveli. Examples for USA: public school system, Pledge of Allegiance, home ecc. Microculture: the different groups that combine in a macroculturei. Examples Serbian, Dutch and English subgroups within the USAd. Culture is dynamici. Examples globalization, technology, trendse. Culture is based on symbolsi. Examples apple pie, baseball, bald eagle, McDonald’sV. How do cultures interact?a. Trade networks, global projects/globalization, migration, tourismb. Globalization: A force of change, which impacts different parts of the world in different waysi. It has an uneven effect on local cultures, since some are very resistantii. Clash of civilization argument: Disagreement in world views, valuesiii. The spread of European capitalism is both positive AND negative in impact on local cultures1. Negatives include disenchantment, alienation, resentment, marginalization, and anti-American sentimentiv. Globalization is an emanating