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SC ANTH 102 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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ANTH 102 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7 Lecture 1 (August 25)Vocabulary:- Holism—Studying a problem by embedding it in a broad social context. Studying the whole of the human condition.- Theory—a set of ideas formulated to explain something.- Enculturation—The process of learning and adopting the practices of a culture.Multiple Choice:1. Which of the following most characterizes anthropology among disciplines that study humans?A. It studies foreign places.B. It includes biology.C. It uses personal interviews of the study population.D. It is holistic and comparative.E. It studies only groups that are thought to be “dying.”Lecture 2 (August 27)Vocabulary:- Four Fields of Anthropology—Cultural, biological, archeological, and linguistic anthropology. Some anthropologists consider there to a fifth field, applied anthropology.- Culture—traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.- Cultural Relativism—An idea perpetuated by Franz Boas. You cannot judge a culture based on your own cultural standards.- Functionalism—An idea perpetuated by sociologist Talcott Parsons. Society is like a human body; every part of society has a function, even if largely disused.- Historical Particularism—Another idea of Franz Boas, complementing cultural relativism. You must judge the development of a society on its own terms without comparing it to other cultures.- Globalization—A force of change which impacts different parts of the world in different ways as cultures interact.- Macroculture—Defining characteristics of a culture at a national level.- Microculture—The different groups that combine to form a macroculture.- Armchair Anthropologist—One of a class of men who made assumptions on human cultures based on the writings of others, rather than direct observation.- Ethnocentrism—The opposite of cultural relativism; judging a culture solely by the standards of your own culture.- Ethnography—A systematic study of a culture. In modern anthropology, generally focusing on one part of culture rather than an all-encompassing view.Multiple Choice:2. The study of nonhuman primates is of special interest to which subdiscipline of anthropology?A. Cultural anthropologyB. Archeological anthropologyC. Linguistic anthropologyD. Developmental anthropologyE. Biological anthropology3. Over time, how has human reliance on cultural means of adaptation changed?A. Humans have become increasingly less dependent on them.B. Humans have become entirely reliant on biological means.C. Humans have become increasingly more dependent on them.D. Humans are just beginning to depend on them. E. Humans no longer use them.4. All of the following are true about practicing, or applied, anthropology except thatA. It encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of the four subfields to identify, asses, and solve practical social problems.B. It has been formally acknowledged by the American Anthropological Association as one of the two dimensions of the discipline.C. It is less relevant for archaeology since archaeology typically concerns the material culture of societies that no longer exist.D. It is a growing aspect of the field, with more and more anthropologists developing applied components of their work.E. It has many applications because of anthropology’s breadth.Lecture 3 (September 3)Vocabulary:- Fieldwork—Going to the area of study to conduct research.- Observer’s Paradox—By being present you change the behavior of the people you are observing, and they do not act or speak as they normally might.- Etic—A research strategy focusing on the ethnographer’s explanations and categories.- Emic—A research strategy focusing on the local explanations and meanings.- Deductive Approach—A method of research more concerned with the etic, quantitative approach, by testing hypotheses based on data collection.- Inductive Approach—A method of research more concerned with the emic, qualitative approach, by observing a culture closely and making more broad inferences from there.- Culture Shock—A creepy feeling of alienation resulting from being thrown into a new setting without the comfort of your own language and culture.- Triangulation—Combining several different qualitative and quantitative techniques to get closer to an idea of a cultural trend.- Qualitative Approach—Concerned with textual analysis (interviews, descriptions and codes, or broad themes). Based around unstructured observations and freeform interviews.- Quantitative Approach—Concerned with statistics from structures interviews and surveys.- Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)—A method of experiment design that involves the locals in the project’s design and approach.Multiple Choice:5. Which of the following statements about ethnography is not true?A. It may involve participant observation and survey research.B. Bronislaw Malinowski was one of its earliest influential practitioners.C. It was traditionally practiced in non-Western and small-scale societies.D. Contemporary anthropologists have rejected it for being overly formal and ignoring social processes.E. It is anthropology’s distinctive strategy.6. In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport,A. And if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture.B. A timeline that states when every member of the community will be interviewed.C. A respectful and formal working relationship with the political leaders of the community.D. Also known as a cultural relativist attitude.E. A good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact.7. Which of the following is a significant change in the history of ethnography?A. Larger numbers of ethnographies being done in Western, industrialized nations.B. Ethnographers now use only quantitative techniques.C. Ethnographers have begun to work for colonial governments.D. Ethnographers have stopped using the standard four-member format, as it disturbs the informants.E. There are now fewer native ethnographers.8. Which of the following is one of the advantages an interview schedule has over a questionnaire based survey?A. Interview schedules rely on very short responses, and therefore are more useful when you have less time.B. Questionnaires are completely unstructured, so your informants might deviate from the


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