ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture Unnatural Causes Video NotesI. Immigrants come to the USA healthyII. “Latino Paradox”III. Social isolationIV. Five years in the USA V. Why is Latino health so much better when they first come?VI. Why does becoming American have negative health connotations?Outline of Current Lecture GenderI. Socialization and Identitya. What is identity?b. Ethnopsychologyc. Personality and Child-rearingd. Class and Personalityi. Foster’s (1965) notion of “limited good”ii. Lewis’s (1966) ideal of a “culture of poverty”II. The Life Cyclea. What is the life cycle?b. Birthc. Gender and Infancyd. General PointsCurrent LectureGenderIII. Socialization and Identitya. What is identity?i. Your learned sense of self that occurs within a cultural/historical contextii. Identity is relational; created in relation to other individuals and groupsb. Ethnopsychologyi. The study of how different cultures shape personality, identity and mentalwell-beingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. 1930s development of Culture and Personality School1. How child-rearing practices affect personality2. Developing national personality profilesc. Personality and Child-rearingi. Vast differences in male and female personalities cross-culturallyii. Mead 1930s Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societiesiii. Nurture is more important than nature in shaping gender roles1. Enculturation more important than biology2. Until then, it was a common view that “biology is destiny”iv. Mead’s focus: enculturation1. Social processa. Roles of parents, community2. How children adopt ways of thinking, behaving, and feeling which are considered appropriatea. How do children learn to be Samoan males or females?v. Mead also argued that the stressful adolescence in Western industrial societies is neither universal nor inevitabled. Class and Personalityi. Does poverty shape personality?ii. Foster’s (1965) notion of “limited good”1. Belief in finite resources2. Personality traits: jealousness, suspiciousnessiii. Lewis’s (1966) ideal of a “culture of poverty”1. Personality traits: lack of future time-orientation and sexually promiscuousiv. Both approaches used to target particularly minorities in the USA and non-Western societies1. Found their way into social policy2. Justified treatment of particular groupsv. Now seen as ethnocentric, not culturally relativisticvi. New trend: Person-centered ethnography1. Individual psychology2. Subjective experienceIV. The Life Cyclea. What is the life cycle?i. Western life cycle is based on biological features: birth, ability to walk, puberty, becoming a parentii. However there is a lot of cross-cultural variation in how the stages unfold and how they are understood and practicediii. Life cycle stages as cultural constructions rather than biological factsb. Birthi. General “birthing context” in the USA1. Hospitals, doctors, baby is separated from mother to be cleaned and examined for development2. In the USA, pregnancy is an illness-highly medicalized, monitored, technological interventions3. Elsewhere in the world, pregnancy is a lot more hands-offii. Often in other places such as Mayan women in Mexico, it’s a family affair and she is surrounded by females from her family1. Starting to catch on in the USAc. Gender and Infancyi. Are you born with your gender identity intact?1. Biologically, yes2. Some rare individuals are hermaphrodites, born with both male and female partsa. In the past, assigned a sex at birth and surgically realignedii. What is the difference between gender and sex?1. Sex is biological but gender is cultural2. Gender is how you learn to be male or female in a particular culture, along with the assumptions that fit that gendera. Learned behaviors and beliefs associated with maleness and femaleness3. Sex is the biological marker defined by the presentation of genitalia, hormones and chromosomesiii. How do we “mark” the gender of babies in the USA?1. Clothes2. Colors (blue and pink)d. General Pointsi. Culture helps shape identity and personality through enculturation and socializationii. How we think, behave and feel about ourselves, others and the world around us is filtered through a cultural