ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture Video about Dominican family in NYCI. FamilyII. WorkIII. Moving to the USAIV. EconomicsV. Lifestyle changesOutline of Current Lecture Social TiesI. Social Ties That Binda. Relatednessi. Socially recognized connectionsii. Forms of relatednessII. Kinshipa. The idea of being related to another individual or groupb. Set of principles govern:c. Kinship principles…III. Universal Kinship FeaturesIV. Mapping Kinship Relationshipsa. “Ego” V. Kinship Descenta. Tracing kinship relationships according to parentageb. A few ways to account for descenti. Unilineal1. Patrilineal2. Matrilineala. Matrilocalii. Bilineal1. Neolocalc. What is “lineage”?d. Most common form of descent is unilineal (60%)VI. Householdsa. DefinitionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Different kinds of householdsc. Intrahousehold dynamicsi. Revelation of power dynamics between parents and children, and among siblingsii. Dissolution of households throughVII. Adoptiona. Reasons for adoption?b. Legalized in USA since mid 1800sVIII. Changing StandardsCurrent LectureSocial TiesI. Social Ties That Binda. Relatednessi. Socially recognized connectionsii. Forms of relatedness1. Friendship2. Marriage3. Adoption4. Descent from common ancestor5. Co-residenceII. Kinshipa. The idea of being related to another individual or groupb. A cultural universalc. Sets of rules regulating relationships and appropriate behavior between kind. Kinship best thought of as complex system of relationships and the behaviors that govern theme. Framework for understanding mating, birth and nurturancef. Offers culture-specific theories of human nature, defining how people develop from infants into mature social beingsg. Set of principles govern:i. How to reproduce legitimate group members (marriage and/or adoption)ii. Locality post-marriage (residence rule)iii. How to forge links between generations (descent or adoption)iv. How to pass on social positions (succession) or material goods (inheritance)h. Kinship principles…i. Define social groupsii. Locate people within those groupsiii. Position people and groups in relation to one another in space and over timei. Kinship is part and parcel of ideology, modes of production, and reproductionj. Kinship relations and practices both shape and are shaped by socialization processesk. While having core principles, kinship systems are also dynamic and respond to changeIII. Universal Kinship Featuresa. Lengthy infant maturation requires commitment from one (usually two) parental figuresb. Consensual unions (marriage) create enduring socially regulated sexual and domestic relationshipc. Gender-based division of labord. Prohibition on sexual relations or marriage between close kinIV. Mapping Kinship Relationshipsa.b. Dr. Simmons uses octagons for femalesc. “Ego” represents who we are tracing, who we are interested inV. Kinship Descenta. Tracing kinship relationships according to parentageb. A few ways to account for descenti. Unilineal1. Patrilineala. Kinship is traced through the male lineb. Only male children are considered members of kin lineagec. Found in 44% of world culturesi. India, East Asia, Middle East, Northern Africa2. Matrilineala. Kinship traced through female line exclusivelyb. Found in about 15% of all culturesc. Usually found in horticultural societies like Native Americans, central sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, etcd. Matrilocal (or avunculocal) residence patterni. When they marry, stay at mother’s brother’s houseii. Bilineal1. Traces kinship from both parents2. Found in less than 1/3 of the world’s culturesa. United States, Europe, parts of Southern Africa3. Residence patterns = neolocala. Once you marry, you move away from the rest of your family and establish yourself elsewhere4. Fits with small family units that are spatially mobilec. What is “lineage”?i. A unilineal descent group whose members trace their descent from a common ancestor through an accepted sequence of known linking antecedentsd. Most common form of descent is unilineal (60%)i. Usually found in cultures with a fixed resource base such as crop land or herdsii. Inheritance is through a particular line and helps maintain control of resource baseiii. Found most often with: pastoralism, horticulture and acriculture modes of productioniv. Matrilineal vs patrilineal depends on which gender controls the resources (productive and reproductive) and which has higher statusv. Matrilineal societies women have higher status, patrilineal men have higher statusVI. Householdsa. Unit of analysis comprised of individuals living alone or in a group who share living space and financial responsibilities for upkeepb. Different kinds of householdsi. Nuclearii. Extendediii. Individually-headedc. Intrahousehold dynamicsi. Revelation of power dynamics between parents and children, and among siblings1. Security2. Sharing3. Violenceii. Dissolution of households through1. Divorce2. Separation of cohabiting parents3. Death of spouse or partnerVII. Adoptiona. Some form of adoption, formal or informal, in most culturesb. Reasons for adoption?i. Infertilityii. Desire to have children of a certain sexc. Legalized in USA since mid 1800si. “Closed” adoptions are the norm1. Birth parent and child find it hard to search for each other, court records are sealedii. Increasing trend in “open” adoptions, too1. Birth parents still potentially have access to their childVIII. Changing Standardsa. Later age for marriage (especially in developed world)b. Cohabitation gaining in popularityc. Changing practices = new questions in caring for dependents, members of the familyi. Tradition in southern USA to take grandparents into the home to care