ANTH 102 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture Interpretations of Magic and WitchcrafI. Magic and WitchcrafII. Magical Formulaa. Spells and Medicineb. FetishIII. MagicIV. Interpreting Magic’s FunctionV. Interpreting Witchcraf’s FunctionVI. A Case Study in Zimbabwea. The Ndebele peopleb. Defining Witchcraf in Zimbabwei. Witchcraf Suppression Act of 1899c. Recent Examples of Witchcraf in Zimbabwei. Muboboboii. Tokoloshiiii. Runyokad. Two Ways To Achieve the Status of Witch:i. Shaveii. Apprentice and mutie. Other Thoughtsf. Witchraf in Zimbabwe explains the inexplicableg. Witchcraf, Whites and other Non-BlacksVII. Final ThoughtsOutline of Current Lecture Language and WorldviewI. Linguistic Anthropologya. Communicationb. Linguistic Anthropologists work in many areasII. Languagea. Definitionb. SymbolIII. Language and WorldviewThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. What makes human communication unique?i. Language ii. Infinite productivity iii. Displacement b. Does the language we speak determine how we see the world?i. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ii. Linguistic determinism iii. Sociolinguistics c. Do languages evolve and change? If so, how?i. Pidginsii. Bilingualism / Linguistic Pluralismd. Is it possible to communicate without speaking?i. Paralanguage ii. Kinesics IV. Language Fun FactsCurrent LectureLanguage and WorldviewI. Linguistic Anthropologya. In a nutshell, linguistic anthropology is the study of communicationb. Communicationi. The conveyance of meaningful messages from one being to anotherii. Via verbal and nonverbal cuesc. Linguistic Anthropology arose in the USA as a response to disappearing Native American languages (due to forced assimilation)iii. There came a realization: Many non-Western languages are not writtend. Linguistic Anthropology works to establish an oral and written record of languages around the worlde. Language has an associative power; English in the USAf. Linguistic Anthropologists work in many areas:iv. Modification of standardized tests to reduce biasv. Promotion of improved language learning for migrants, school children ad refugeesvi. Studying cross-cultural differences in deaf communitiesII. Languagea. Language is a symbolic communication systemb. Symbol: Anything you can perceive with senses that stands for something elsei. Symbols have referents, like in English when we hear ride, lawn or flag wehave a distinct mental image that is called upc. Humans assign meaning to those things they encounter in arbitrary fashioni. Humans have a limitless possibility for communicationIII. Language and Worldviewa. What makes human communication unique?i. Language – a system of communication that has a systematic set of arbitrary symbolsii. Infinite productivity – the ability to communicate many messages efficientlyiii. Displacement – the ability to talk about displaced domains (be it temporal, spatial, or ideational)b. Does the language we speak determine how we see the world?i. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis – Differences in language predetermine differences in thinkingii. Linguistic determinism – Language determines worldview and behavioriii. Sociolinguistics – Social position shapes form and content of languagec. Do languages evolve and change? If so, how?i. Colonial expansion since the 1500s has ushered globalizationii. The creation of pidgins – two different languages mixed together1. A pidgin is no one’s first language2. A pidgin is a contact language limited to domains like tradeiii. Pidgins can become creoles1. Creole languages have their own native speakers, linguistic expansions and elaborationiv. Bilingualism – Someone with mastery of two or more languages1. Also called linguistic pluralismv. Migration and globalization impact world languages as new words are adoptedvi. Variation within a single language proves language evolution1. Word choice, intonation, grammar2. Dialects – a way of speaking in a particular placed. Is it possible to communicate without speaking?i. Paralanguage – nonverbal forms of communication1. Posture, eye movement, hand signals2. Follows rules and patterns just like verbal language and can vary cross-culturallyii. Kinesics – the study of communication that happens through body movement, facial expressions, and spatial behaviorIV. Language Fun Factsa. What is the language spoken by the most people today as their first language?i. Mandarin Chineseb. What percent of languages are “primitive,” because they do not have a system of sounds, words, and sentences that can adequately convey the content of their culture?i. 0%c. What is the number of languages that have added words to modern English?i. At least 240d. What is the fraction of all languages in the world that are no longer spoken by children?i. ½e. What is the percent of living languages that change over time?i.